Mass Medias Effects on Sterotyping - 992 Words

Since racial stereotyping in the media serves to justify, emphasize, and perpetuate antagonistic and munificent racism, there is need for focused study efforts on practical strategies to challenge and ultimately eradicate stereotypes. Stereotypes are generated and altered on the basis of first-hand encounters with stigmatized groups, as well as recycled information from mass media, acquaintances, as well as family. While both express and circumlocutory sources of stereotype lessening are acknowledged, the mass of the research on inter-group relationships has concentrated on direct examination of stereotyping conduct in an interpersonal background (Tator Frances, 2006). On the other hand, taking into consideration that people generate†¦show more content†¦It may be factual that the African immigrant may have misinterpreted the police order, or possibly he intended to confirm his identification by showing his identification papers. In a split-second, the police opened fire, a nd only after the shooting was it evident that Diallo had reached for his wallet. The defense argued that at the instance of the split-second decision, the police officers assumed their lives were at risk, and that they consequently did not hold the conscious objective to commit a crime. Although the court failed to take into consideration the mechanisms that may inform such a position, it is appropriate to reflect on the premise that racism is increasingly woven into identity formation in the contemporary media. Moreover, that race as a constructed social grouping derives its influence partly from the social psychological understanding of social categorization, and also from the influential underrated legitimacy that race categories have obtained in their formulation. This is exemplified by the earlier position in this paper that, a media report concerning a criminal suspect of African American descent may automatically trigger stereotypes of aggression (Govorun Payne, 2006). The death of Diallo brought into the limelight a number of alarming issues that run in implicit social cognition studies. It is in this context that the question arises as to whether media stereotypesShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Mass Media And Gender889 Words   |  4 PagesSocialization In today’s society, we see the effects of mass media and media imaging more than we have in any era before. Whether it be the large amount of new social media apps, the access to growing technology and communication throughout the world, or simply the millions of viewers and users, social media has become one, if not the most influential source in the world. This gives mass media the power to create, destroy, and spread any image or idea having a large effect on the audience that sees it. AndRead MoreContent Analysis - Stereotypes in Music3345 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿INTRODUCTION TO REPORT We are a group of 4 Second Year students pursuing a Diploma in Mass Communication. For our Communication Issues Group Project, we have decided to investigate the effects of Rhythm Blues (RB)/ Hip Hop music on our present day Society. RB/Hip Hop is one of the more popular genres of music that our Youth listen to and with dedicated television channels such as Music Television (MTV) and Channel V telecasting music videos most of the time that they are in transmission

Casinos Offer Many Things, To Different People. Most People

Casinos offer many things, to different people. Most people can safely enjoy playing the battery once in awhile, taking the occasional trip to a casino. There are a lot of jobs created by casinos. It can help someone be on track. Many people go to have fun, while for some people it’s a lifestyle. Despite the other problems like addiction, gambling is something that is very popular and it just continues to grow more and more, illegalizing this would cause problems and not end easily. The positive benefits of legal gambling far out weigh the disadvantages proposed by any naysayers. Gambling is something that will continue to grow and will always be a thriving thing. The job opportunities given by this industry is huge. There are over†¦show more content†¦Casinos and gambling houses are required to pay pretty high taxes, and this is another are area that the government will benefit from. Many restaurants and hotels would also arise in the region, which would lea to many new jobs opening up. Since there are already many casinos and it is just getting bigger, it would be a hard thing to stop all of it. People gamble for many different reasons. Some want to gain a lot of money with little effort. For people who already have a lot of money gambling is something fun for them to do and gain more money than they already have. Some people even gamble as their lifestyle; it’s basically their job. Others, especially problem gamblers, seek thrill and excitement through games of chance (Legalized Gambling: Economic Boom or Social Bust n. pag.) In the United States there are 15 million Americans addicted to gambling and 23 million addicted to drunks or alcohol. For the people who are problem gamblers the simple cure to gambling and is just to stop going to casinos in most cases. Many gamblers love the feeling of adrenaline rushing through their money when they are playing more than the money they win. Gambling is an entertaining, and mostly harmless acti vity with plenty of benefits for the economy, society and the player. Gambling is a way for people to enjoy themselves and is becoming a popular form of tourism (â€Å"The Pros of Gambling† n. pag.) People go on vacations toShow MoreRelatedBlog 13 - First Online Casino Gaming App Arrives For Apple Watch1741 Words   |  7 PagesBlog 13 – First online casino gaming app arrives for Apple Watch As far as device launches go, nothing can really compare to that of the Apple watch. Last year when it was announced it turned the world of technology on its head, as people could now have a fully functioning smart device on their wrist. Several years ago the idea of such was thought impossible, but is now very real and could be set to change the way people gamble. These little devices are available for use in an instant and presentRead MoreGambling Is Normally Considered To Be An Activity That1015 Words   |  5 Pageshas been in existence for many years. The pleasure of gambling normally comes for the very real risk of losing even your most prized possession. Most people tend to be addicted to this activity. You will realize that gambling comes from wagering valuables or material things one cannot afford to lose. Gambling can be of many different forms. Some of these forms include: scratch tickets, pull tab tickets, bingo games, mahjong, charity raffles, lottery tickets and so on. Casino games can actually be consideredRead MoreHow Can You Make Your Free Spins Bonus Count?1749 Words   |  7 Pagesany other business, casinos need to make a profit, which all comes about by attracting new customers. If casino managers had it their way, it would be impossible to win, which means more money for the casino and hardly a penny for the hard working players of the world. This approach would be useless in business; however, as it is the slim chance of winning that attracts gamblers in the first place and subsequently keeps them coming back for more. Players these days choose casinos with better odds ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Online Casino Industry Has Become Somewhat Murky As Of Late1212 Words   |  5 PagesVideoSlots Let’s be frank, the online casino industry has become somewhat murky as of late. This is because many brands and names aren’t as honest and open with players as they should be. Operating in a cloak and dagger fashion, the industry was in dire need of an honesty overhaul. Take all the marketing campaigns you’ve had thrust upon you in the past and forget about them. This is because VideoSlots has arrived and they are presenting something refreshingly different. Through barefaced honesty, whatRead MoreBook Report On The Night Sky 1725 Words   |  7 Pagesgreat online casino game inspiration. Halloween may have past, but that doesn’t mean that the spooky goings on have gone anywhere. Delving into the darker side of the world’s online casino portals, we have compiled a list of online slot games that can deliver plenty of chills and thrills this December. No. 1 – Nightmare on Elm Street It is safe to say that you are going to want to put the kids to bed before you play this game. Based on the frightening film that gave millions of people nightmaresRead MoreAdvantages of Playing over the Internet1324 Words   |  5 PagesSurely youve ever wondered whether you have some advantages if you play over the internet.  In short,  a lot of them.  Internet gambling has many more benefits,  and here you can find some.  They all always available or close to places to play  (betting,  casino,  etc....),  and your online betting,  casino and poker room,  are  available 24- hours, 7 days a week and 365 days a year.  Which means,  from the comfort of your home, apartment,  cafe or even a mobile phone,  you can pay the ticket,  play slots,  rouletteRead MoreWebsite : Web For Comeon Casino1709 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopers provide software to ComeOn Casino? Throughout the EU there is one online casino that is commanding more online casino portal attention than any other in 2015. ComeOn Casino is a brand that has come out of nowhere to immerge as a serious contender for the online the industry crown. Taking a no prisoners approach to development, the casino has become a player’s favourite in a variety of different ways. Breaking down the reason as to why ComeOn Casino has become a household name isn’t difficultRead MoreOnline Gaming And Its Effect On The World Of Online Casino Gaming1731 Words   |  7 PagesBlog 13 – How Guts has become one of the biggest online casinos in the world If you want to be a true major player within the world of online casino gaming you need to know how to deliver a consistent product offering. Sadly, while this seems simple enough on paper, so many online casinos fall short in such regard. Many will have lost count of how many ‘flash in the pan’ online casinos that they have come across. While many online casinos seem to not hang around long enough to make any real industryRead MoreA Study On The Bellagio1091 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bellagio is a very interesting place in and of itself. You probably remember this hotel and casino from the movie Ocean s Eleven. The Fountains of Bellagio is a well-known fountain show that spurts water into the sky and the water sprays dance rhythmically. This show is free to see from the Las Vegas Strip and happens every hour. The Bellagio has very luxurious rooms and suites starting at $150/night, and can add the all-inclusive option for $32 per day. The Bellagio have 9 fine dining rest aurantsRead MoreBenefits Of Buying A Cruise Ships1491 Words   |  6 PagesEntertainment There are multiple advantages and disadvantages that come with riding a cruise ships. Taking a cruise can be very expensive and often times require people to save up for it. However, the time spent on a cruise is well worth the money spent for it. An all-inclusive cruise includes most meals, a place to stay, and entertainment. Discounts for kids’ meals vary upon each ship. Adults over the age of 21 do not have to worry about paying for alcohol in the all-inclusive ship. Purchasing food

Cooking Food Production

Question: Discuss about theCooking forFood Production. Answer: Introduction Food Production is a process which is conducted to transform the uncooked products to cooked ones. The entire process involves various arts and skills where expertise is required in terms of planning for a meal service for a set no. of people, deciding on the menu, preparing the list of items which are required for the cooking process, planning and implementing the work schedule as per which the cooking has to be implemented, serving the meal, monitoring the entire service and cleaning the premises. There are various departments in the kitchen which take care of these services. Food Production Session Occasions Birthday Party and a New Job Party No. of Guests for the parties 25 each Type of Service Dinner Place of the Service In house Restaurant Food Avenue Types of food to be prepared - The food menu consists of Starters, Savoury Items, Desserts and Drinks. Starters French Fries, Baked Potato with cream and mushroom filling, Mini Muffins and Cheesy Vegetable nuggets (Babycenter 2014). Savoury Items Mini Pizzas with a choice fo toppings, Pasta Carbonara, Grilled Vegetables with dressing, Sphagetti with red sauce Desserts Birthday Cake, Crme Caramel, Mixed Fruit with a dressing Drinks Fruit Smoothies, Chocolate Drink Part 1 Kitchen Expectations Regard to Output The main expectation in order to host a grand party and a stress free party would include plans based on Accuracy in terms of food production the plan is to build a customosed plan which involves a better menu planning with an eye on the type pf Guests attending the party. This will vary with the adults and the kids in specific. Food planning also involves the best output at the planned times Food production as per the suitability of the party Getting the right quantities cooked as per the party and the no. of guests attending the party is the most critical part of the plan. The conumption patterns of food by the adults and the no. of children attending the party should be well assumed and planned. This will ensure wastage of food and raw materials foe the production of food Planned Ordering As the parties are planned in a Restaurant, there is no scope for carrying home cooked or pre cooked meals to the party as it is not allowed. Taking the Restaurants suggestions in terms of planning for the menu might also help as they might have organized various such parties in the past Time Maintenance Time schedules is the most critical aspect of the entire party to keep the Guests occupied and to avoid any delays in the party in terms of serving food Appropriate Food Production Processes that Ensures the Quality, Nutritional Value and Structure of Food Food Production system and food safety are inter related to each other. This is the most important aspect of the planning the business as it contributes majorly to the fame and reputation of the brand (Albajes, Cantero-Martnez, Capell et al 2013, p. 743 - 770). The Restaurant - Food Avenue, which we have planned the party at is known for creating excellent food menus in a customised way, eliminating any of the food expiration date errors in case they prevail and preparing the food with utmost integration with their internal departments. Food Avenue is known to have display stations at various places in the Restaurant where the food menu being prepared is displayed constantly on the screen (Crunchtime nd). The video is also shown which will ensure the quality of the food being prepared to their Guests. This in turn will help the Restaurant win the confidence of the Guests for their future parties and events. The food plating will also be shown on the screen to ensure they win the Customers confidence in terms of following their instructions as given to them. Standard Recipe to be Used Standard recipes would be used for all the preparations without any change however consideration towards the elders will be given in terms of preparing the food by considering any of their health concerns. Choice will be given to the Client if he wants us to prepare the Birthday Cakes and muffins individually for the kids and the adults. The Cake for the kids will consist of the frosting and it will be made of sugar. The Cake for the adults will be made frost free and the sweetner used will be dark brown sugar or sugar free powders. Recipe for the Main Course Meal Pasta Carbonara Ingredients 25 large free range eggs 250 grams of Parmesan cheese and with an additional portion to serve as a topping 300 grams of Panchetta 2500 grams of Sphagetti 13 Cloves of Garlic Extra Virgin Olive Oil Procedure Combine the egg yolks, parmesan cheese, add the seasonings fo salt and pepper- go light on salt as cheese consists of salt and fork it through Chop the Panchetta into small pieces and place any of the harder ones aside Place a large deep vessel with water and get it to a boil. Once boiled, add proper amount of salt in order to season the pasta well Fry the Panchetta in 1o tea spoons of extra virgin olive oil Peel the garlic cloves and chop them into pieces and add them to the Panchetta Drain the Sphagetti after 8 to 10 mins of boil and reserve some of the cooking water aside in order to add it to flavour the pasta in the end Add the Sphagetti to the pan with the Panchetta and Garlic and toss them well to get them blended with each other. Add the reserved cooking water to the pan and bring it together Add in the grated parmesan and remove it off flame. Add an extra serving of the cheese right before serving it to the Guests For all the other food items planned, standard recipes will be used likewise. Work Flow Schedule Organization Structure Fig : (Kabra et al. 2012). The various stages involved in this process are Menu plan will be given to the Head Chef as per the party schedule and the no. of Guests attending the party Head Chef will delegate prepare the plan for inventory which is required for organising the party The Head Chef will also delegate the tasks to the junior chefs One senior person will monitor the entire activity in order to supervise and ensure proper quality Final plating will also be monitored in order to ensure proper presentation to the Guests a Mise en Plan The outline of the mise en plan is as given below. Planning the entire party as per the instructions given by the Organiser Organising the party and coordinating with the required vendors Looking for the theme decorations and theme party designs to be organised and delegated to the concerned staff members Ensuring that the team has the basic skills which are required for organising the party and ensuring that the team has the basic knife skills which are required Preparing for the inventory and raw materials and getting the ideas aligned as per the men themes Organizing the cooking and flavouring materials Planning for any of the cooking items which are to be made in advance The mise en plan consists of the outline of the basic cooking principles involved in the preparation of the food. The main aspects of the mise en plan are Heat and Food various effects of heat on food the process of heat transfer cooking preparation times which are appropriate Cooking Methods Oven Baked versions of food Moist Heat passing methods like steaming Open dry methods like the barbecue Ensuring to add Flavour Selecting ingredients which add immense flavour to the recipe Choice of authentic recipe flavourings to be used Using fresh ingredients in terms of spices and herbs (Battarbee et al. 2012 p. 2091 - 2106). Food Preparations List There have been various menu items which have been planned like starters, savoury items, desserts and drinks which will require a lot of food items as a part of the preparation list most of which include Potatoes, Mushrooms, Cream, Vegetable Nuggets, Cheese Parmesan, Cream Cheese, Flour for cake preparation Whole Wheat Flour, Brown Sugar, Eggs, White Sugar, Unprocessed Chocolate Powder, Pasta, Sphagetti, Extra Virgin Olive Oil, Salt, Pepper, Tomatoes, Vegetables for grilling, Condensed milk, Whole milk, Mixed Fruits. Apart from this list it is ideal to have extra quantities of food preparation materials and sauces in order to make any corrections in the final stages. With this type of an effective planning of the cooking materials and inventory, the Restaurants will be able to host grand parties in a well organised way. References Albajes, R; Cantero-Martnez, C; Capell, T et al. (2013). Building bridges: an integrated strategy for sustainable food production throughout the value chain. Molecular Breeding, 32, 743 - 770. Battarbee, R; Anderson, N; Bennion, H; Simpson,G (2012). Combining limnological and palaeolimnological data to disentangle the effects of nutrient pollution and climate change on lake ecosystems: problems and potential. Freshwater Biology, 57, 2091 - 2106. Blakeney, M (2011). Patents and plant breeding: Implications for food security. Amsterdam Law Forum. Boardman, F Mortlock (2014). The significance of drilling date and crop cover with reference to soil erosion by water, with implications for mitigating erosion on agricultural land in South East England. Soil Use and Management, 30, 40 - 47. Campbell, B; Thornton P; Zougmor, R; Asten, P Lipper, L (2014). Sustainable intensification: What is its role in climate smart agriculture? Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 8. Crutzen, P; Mosier, A; Smith, K Winiwarter W (2008). N2O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8, 389 - 395. Crunchtime (nd). Kitchensync Food Prep Station. Retrieved on Sep 26th 2016. https://www.crunchtime.com/kitchensync/. Babycenter (2014). Menu for a one year olds birthday party. Retrieved on Sep 26th 2016. https://www.babycenter.in/a1021305/menu-for-a-one-year-olds-birthday-party. Kabra, A; Leelaram, T; Ghatak, M; Murty, R; Pundle, R (2012). Restaurant Project. Retrieved on Sep 26th 2016. https://www.slideshare.net/arunkabra/restaurant-project-15326952. Kratli, S; Huelsebusch, C; Brooks, S; Kaufmann, B (2012). Pastoralism: A critical asset for food security under global climate change. Animal Frontiers, 3, 4250.

Tips for Using Flip Charts More Effectively Essay Example For Students

Tips for Using Flip Charts More Effectively Essay One should not assume that investing a lot of money in high tech visual aids equipment will make your presentation. The best visuals have been and still are the simplest. Remember, the purpose of using visual aids is to enhance your presentation, not upstage it. Since most presentations are levered before small groups poof people or less, the flip chart is the perfect size. I feel the flip chart will continue to be the workhorse of most training seminars. There are several advantages Of using a flip chart. Here are just a few: 1. Flip charts do not need electricity You dont need to worry if the bulb Will burn out or worry that you forgot the extension chord. 2. Hip charts are economical They do not require you to use any special films or printers to produce them. 3. Color can be added very easily ; An inexpensive box Of flip chart racers allows you all the creativity you want. 4. Flip charts allow spontaneity . Any last minute changes can be easily made. In todays world of high tech computers, fancy software and sophisticated infomercials, many presenters today feel they have to create a presentation which shows off their ability to use computers and their latest clip art library, Although the software available today does allow everyone the ability to create colorful slides and overheads, we often tint that the visuals become the presentation and not the speaker. As a speaker, your visual aids should not be the presentation. You are! Even though flip charts are low tech, they are reliable and dont require any special skill to use them but here are some tips to help you use them effectively. 1. The best flip chart stands have clamps at the top and will hold most type of flip chart pads Most allow you to hang your flip charts while some stands will only allow you to prop them up. Dont wait until the last minute to find this out 2. Make sure the flip charts you use will fit the flip chart stand you will be using. Some have different spaced holes at the top. 3. Flip chart pads are usually sold in packages Of two and come either plain or with grid lines on them. Using the pad with grid lines makes your job easier for drawing straight lines and keeps your text aligned. Also, make sure the pad has perforations at the top to allow easier removal of sheets. Have seen many presenters struggle to tear Off a sheet evenly. 4. When preparing your charts, it is best to first design your charts on paper first before drawing them on the actual flip chart pad. 5. Lightly write your text in pencil first before using the actual flip chart markers. This will allow you to make any adjustments with text spacing and any figures you will be drawing. Do NOT use all block letters (UPPER CASE). Using upper and lower case letters makes it easier to read. Like to use the 7 x 7 rule. Have no more than 7 words on each line and no more than 7 lines to a sheet. Using a 6 x 6 rule is even better. 6. Use flip chart markers and not regular magic markers. Flip chart markers will not bleed through the paper. Also, they do not have as throng a smell as regular markers. You can also find scented markers. They usually come in various fruit scents. 7. Avoid using the colors yellow, pink, or orange. These are extremely difficult for the audience to see. Dont make your audience have to strain their eyes to see your points. Avoid using too many colors. Losing one dark color and one accent color works best. 8. You can write lightly in pencil any notes next to key points you need. The audience wont be able to see them. You may also write what is on the next sheet. Knowing this will allow you to properly introduce your next sheet. . If you make any mistakes you can use white out to correct any small errors. For larger areas, cover the mistake with a double layer of flip chart paper and correct the error, 10. Have a blank sheet of paper between each of your text sheets, This will prevent the written material from other sheets to peek through. 11. Properly store and transport your flip charts in a case or the cardboard box that some come in. This will protect your flip charts and keep them fresh and ready to SE each time, Take great care of your flip charts. .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905 , .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905 .postImageUrl , .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905 , .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905:hover , .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905:visited , .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905:active { border:0!important; } .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905:active , .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905 .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua6e7637ea95a69fd397ea5349c972905:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Different Types of Charts EssayI have some flip charts have used over 100 times and they still look as good as new. Making prepared flip charts can take a considerable amount of time. Make sure you start preparing your charts early enough so you can review them and make any changes or corrections before hand. It takes practice to learn how to print neatly. If you do not have neat printing, ask someone who does prepare them for you. A poorly prepared flip chart can be very distracting. The most important point to member in preparing your flip charts is to start preparing them early.

About our research paper writing company Essays

About our research paper writing company Essays About our research paper writing company Essay About our research paper writing company Essay Meet our research paper writing company. First and foremost, we would like to thank you for visiting this site. If you are looking for a custom research paper company that will never let you down, rest assured that you have found the one. We were incorporated in early 2008. Ever since our incorporation, we have been offering custom research paper writing services mainly to students from the United States, and other English speaking countries including Canada and Australia. Currently, we have a customer satisfaction rate of 90 percent. We admit that we are not perfect and that is why the satisfaction rate is not 100 percent. Many companies that appear on the market would like to get as many customers as they could. Often to get more customers they over praise themselves and this also may lead to dubious actions. People understand that nothing in this world perfect and when company represents itself only from the good side in looks very suspicious. If you want to run a business you have to be honest to yourself and when you realize your weakness it gives you a space for improvement. As we all know everything is relative and knowing you are the best or what kind of problems you actually have based on comparison of companies in specific industry. Most of all we want to satisfy our customers and leave a trail of a company with an excellent reputation and that is why we always follow our competitors to make sure we do our best. However, no matter how good you are there will always be something your competitors are better than you. Despite this gap, which we are always trying to fill, we have several qualities which we are sure you may be interested in knowing. We would like to bring to your attention the fact that we have a team of multitalented research paper writers. Our professional writers are the main investment of our company and we are very proud of the people who work in our team. We do understand that people make the positive reputation of our company so there is always kindly atmosphere between our professionals and the customers they serve. That is why our workers stay in a good mood and that helps them to provide you with the best research papers. We know, and you will agree with us, that research paper writing can be an uphill task; it is simply not a walk in the park. Despite the challenging nature of research paper, we ask you not to despair. We have our custom research paper writers who have excellent academic qualifications and expansive experience. While research paper is not an easy task we understand that it is not an amateurs business and only a true professional can provide our customers with top research paper in concise terms. We always make sure that you receive your research paper long before your deadline day so you could be confident your order will match all your demands. This is a team that you can truly rely on for your custom research paper needs. You may also want to note that we have excellent customer support service. Whether you want to order or make an enquiry, you need not worry about it. Our support team, which is made up of friendly members, will be there to assist you. You do not need to wait long hours to have an opportunity to speak to our customer support service; we have an excellent reply time all day long. Our customer support service can hear the customer and we always understand what is required from us. That conversation between support service expert and our customer is done in a kindly manner and we dont want to offend any of our customers. We understand that if you contact our customer support service you have a problem that has to be solved and it becomes a priority for us. Your paper work is literally your future and we receive your orders with all responsibility as a service provider. We are sure that if anyone would mind to rate customer services offered by custom research paper companies our company would appear top. These are just some of the benefits that you enjoy after choosing us. Trust us with your custom research paper order and you will not regret it.

Entering vietnam essays

Entering vietnam essays Entering the Vietnam War Vietnam is a beautiful, highly varied country with a very long history of struggle for independence. For thousands of years, the vietnamese had fought to preserve their distinct language and culture against invaders by first repelling the Chinese, the Japanese, the French and then finally the US. Few arguments about the Vietnam war take into account all aspects of Vietnams two thousand year history of hard-fought existence. And that is what most people believe is the essence of the Vietnam tragedy. The Vietnam war began soon after the Geneva Conference provisionally divided, in 1954, Vietnam at the 17 North Lat. into the Demorcratic Republic of Vietnam, North Vietnam, and into the Republic of Vietnam, South Vietnam. In part, the war was a legacy of France's colonial rule, which ended in 1954 with the French army's catastrophic defeat at Dien Bien Phu and the acceptance of the Geneva Conference agreements. The United States and many anti-communists did not support the accords. The US thought that the political protocols of the accords gave too much power to the Vietnamese Communists. To prevent the south from being over taken by the communists the US created the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, or SEATO. Elections scheduled for 1956 in South Vietnam for the reunification of Vietnam were canceled by President Ngo Dinh Diem. His action was denounced by Ho Chi Minh, since the Communists had expected to benefit from them. After 1956, Diem's government faced increasingly serious opposition from the Viet Cong, insurgents aided by North Vietnam. The Viet Cong became masters of the guerrilla tactics of North 2 Vietnam's Vo Nguyen Giap. Diem's army received U.S. advice and aid, but was unable to suppress the guerrillas, who established a political organization, the National Liberation Front (NLF) in 1960. The Unite...

The Effect of Price on Consumer Brand Perception Research Paper

The Effect of Price on Consumer Brand Perception - Research Paper Example made up of past experiences associated with the brand or product, such as related past purchases, recommendations or cautions from friends or colleagues, or memory of advertising promotion. The most effective of the latter has been shown to be the celebrity endorsement primarily due to the level of perceived similarity between the consumer and the celebrity’s public persona, thus making an emotional connection at the same time they are receiving a recommendation from a perceived friend or colleague in the form of the celebrity. The next step in the thought process is the external search. This is a more physical, plausible search for a product made by a consumer seeking to make an immediate purchase or as part of an ongoing search to stay updated until they're ready to make a purchase (Kamins, 1989). Throughout this process, price comparisons are made from product to product, brand to brand and store to store. Judgment is then made on the information that has been built up duri ng these two steps, internal and external. Only then does the consumer make their decision about which product to purchase, yet this doesn’t end the process. Once they’ve made the purchase, consumers typically conduct a post-purchase evaluation of the product that will result in either satisfaction or post-purchase dissidence. Much of conventional marketing research has shown that consumer decision follows the sequence of need recognition, search for information, alternative evaluation, purchase and then outcomes (Kamins, 1989).  

Environmental Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental Ethics - Essay Example Ecofeminist has different perspectives and argue on various basic concepts that build up the philosophy. Today, many feminist supports that our environment is apparently a feminist issue. This philosophy has been really popular and many relate the ethics of the environment to feminism and have their contradictions over the patriarchal issue and the biases as well as the dominance that comes in hand with the situation. One needs to understand in depth the basis of this philosophy. "A feminist uses gender analysis as the starting point; gender is the lens through which the initial description and analysis occur." Similarly like feminism, many forms of ecofeminism prevail. Ecofeminism is basically a name given to various feminist practices and philosophical ideas. These various approaches not only represent feminism but also how different forces of nature play and how they can overcome environmental concerns. Some examples of different perspective are liberal, Marxist, black etc. Theref ore various environmental philosophical positions that accept feminine issues and support feminism are generally referred to as ecofeminist positions. "Views which uncritically embrace unified or one stance views of feminine sides of gender dichotomies are not feminist; they are better understood as ecofeminine than ecofeminist. They are, in fact, dangerous views from a genuinely feminist perspective." (Darion, 1999) The question here arises that what does one perceive about ecofeminism? What makes this philosophy so concrete that it stands as a complete concept which deals with its theoretical support or the political movement? Although there are significant differences between ecofeminism and feminism from which it has actually rooted, but all ecofeminist agree about certain things which are prominent in feminism. For instance, there is always a significant link between the dominant forces of nature and women, which is essential to understand three things that is feminism, philoso phy of the environment and environmentalism. The major reason to establish this movement is to highlight the links between nature and women and how dangerous these connections can be at times. Ecofeminist have been successful in identifying eight different sorts of links. The links between these two intriguing forces are at times due to competition, at times they are complementing each other or can also be supportive, all this can eventually sum up to analyze forces of nature and the dominance between the two i.e women and nature. The eight connections are as follows: 1. Historical connection (causal): a link between women and nature can be historical. One of the causals is the historic data that develop and nurture theories which deal with the initialization and connection between the domination of women and nature. This concept is so concrete that Ariel Salleh claim's that ecofeminism is particularly a cent progress in the feministic approach and believes that the recent crisis th at has occurred globally and environmentally is basically because of the prevailing culture of patriarchal. (katz,2000) 2. Concept based Connections: Most of the scholars that study ecofeminism believe that the dominant power between women and nature is because of the causal connection which basically stems from causal links which take their branches from concept based structures of domination that develop and nurture women and nature in a social system which consist of male biases. 3.

Competition and Business Risk Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Competition and Business Risk - Assignment Example he individual reflective report will act as an overview of the strategies that were implemented by Head Start Footwear through the business strategy game (BSG) that was played from year 11 to year 15 on a period of 5 weeks. The major aim of this reflective report is be to make an evaluation of my knowledge of how to run a business by making use of the business strategy game. The report will also highlight how I used the Belbins typology to analyse my team members and myself, the theories that I have found helpful from other courses that studied on my masters programme, and what I have leant in relation to business strategy. Figures and facts retrieved from business strategy game will be provided to support the report’s arguments in the report such as the image rating and investor expectation as shown in the figure below. The business strategy game (BSG) offers me practice to make business decisions. The game also enables me to learn how to come up with strategies for winning in a highly competitive market. It also enables me to be held answerable for my actions, in comparison to the business managers who are held responsible for their firm’s performance in the real world (Thompson, Stappenbeck, & Reidenbach, 2013:33). The other benefit is that we can learn more of the BSG exercise by taking up a role a business expert attempting to attain the best organizational performance by making use of managerial prudence and responsible business approaches (Thompson, Stappenbeck, & Reidenbach, 2013:34). BSG gives the opportunity to put what I have learnt into action in order to gain some expertise in applying the skill of strategic analysis. I was able to access the most recent industry-wide developments, create a long-term direction for my company H, create and attain strategic financial goals, and lastly, I came up with ways of producing best results and possibly result to gaining some competitive advantage. Consequently, there the results for Head Start Footwear

Big Bang Theory And Christianity Religion Essay

Big Bang Theory And Christianity Religion Essay The highly heated debate and discussion about how our universe and earth began has been going on for many centuries. In the old days many people believed that God created the universe. They even believed that the planets and the sun revolved around the earth. With todays technology scientists scientist have been able to explore our outer world. In their research some scientists scientist have begun to believe that the universe was created not by a God or a divine force but by a big explosion called the Big Bang Theory. About 15 billion years ago an explosion started the expansion of the universe. Scientists refer to the explosion as the Big Bang. What happened in this event was all the matter and energy of space contained at one point. The explosion is not an explosion of a bomb where particles are thrown outward but it consisted of an explosion of space within itself. All the galaxies and planets were not clumped together, but the explosion or Big Bang laid out the foundations for the universe. (The Big Bang) How the Big Bang theory came to existence was from the observations of Edwin Hubble. He observed that the universe is always expanding. He calculated that a galaxys velocity is proportional to its distance. This means if galaxies are twice as far from us they move twice as fast. He also found that the universe is expanding in every direction. With these observations Hubble concluded that it has taken every galaxy the same amount of time to move from a common starting position to its current position. As galaxies kept moving farther away from each other it is called the red shift. As light reaches earth from other galaxies there is a greater distance between earth and the galaxy, which leads to wavelengths being stretched. (The Big Bang) In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson were two astronomers who discovered cosmic microwave radiation. The two men discovered this when one day they were trying to detect microwaves from outer space, but accidentally they discovered a noise of extraterrestrial or alien origin. The noise came from all directions and not just one direction or location. What they heard became obvious to them what they discovered was radiation from the farthest points of the universe. By discovering these microwaves they could calculate what Edwin Hubble calculated also. They concluded that everything in the universe came from the same point, which they say was the explosion which is referenced as the Big Bang. Everything in the universe moves away from each other at the same rate and velocity. NASA has sent a satellite and has been able to detect cosmic microwaves from the outer reaches of the universe proving the discovery of Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson. (The Big Bang) (Origins of the Universe) Edwin Hubbles discovery of finding that the universe is always expanding and everything is moving away from each other at the same speed was the base of the Big Bang Theory. Then when Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered cosmic microwaves radiation is just supported more evidence of the Theory Edwin Hubble created. The Big Bang Theory is the origin of our universe which means it is the theory of how our universe was created. When the universe was created billions of years ago, billions of years after the planet Earth was created. Thousands of rocks were orbiting the sun and many of them started to crash into each other. The collisions of rock created mass amounts of energy and formed Earth. Earth took its form when the initial lava mass cooled and it formed the outer crust of our Earth. But with the outer crust covering all the heat and energy of the earths core, the middle of the earth is as hot as the sun. (Earth, Earth Science, Planet Earth) Earths distance from the Sun allows the ability to absorb solar energy and create photosynthesis. When photosynthesis occurs it lets off oxygen and this began the accumulation and storage of oxygen in the Earths atmosphere. With all the build up in the atmosphere it lead to the development of what is now called the ozone layer. With the ozone layer around Earth, it blocks out all the harmful ultraviolet radiation waves from the Sun. With the ozone protecting the Earths surface, multicellular organisms slowly became populated to the planet Earth. (Earth, Earth Science, Planet Earth) The explosion known as the Big Bang started the origin of the universe, which created the universe, earth and eventually human beings. Without the great observations and calculations of Edwin Hubble humans would not know how the universe might have begun. With his discoveries he developed the Big Bang Theory which was the origin of the universe. Edwin also got some back up when Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered cosmic microwaves radiation, which helped support Hubbles thought of everything in the universe starting at the same point. The Big Bang theory has some evidence that might make the theory true but it is still a theory, and it cannot be proven. Many people may believe that there was a Big Bang that started our universe and our earth, but there are also billions of Christians and other religions in the world that believe in their own God and that he created the universe. Christians are monotheists which means they believe in one God. Some Christians believe that the Big Bang theory is totally false and that God their creator made all the planets, stars, our earth and the people who live on the earth. But, other Christians believe that God did create everything, but they also believe he could have made the universe any way he wanted to. He could have done it like it says in the Bible in the first two chapters of Genesis. In chapters one and two of Genesis it describes how God made light and dark and all the planets, stars, Heaven and earth, or God could have created everything with an explosion. But those Christians believe that God still created all the particles in the explosion and he controlled the explosion and it was all a part of his greater plan which was to create man and woman in his image. So, many Christians believe that there was no Big Bang or explosion, but rather that everything was created by a higher force which is God. But, there are also some Christians who see and believe some of the evidence Hubble and Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson found, but they challenge the Atheists and ask them where did the energies and powers come from. The Christians who believe in God and the Big Bang theory say that the powers and energies in the explosion came from God and was the entire plan God created to make our universe, our planets, earth and moon. Although there are billions of Christians in the world who believe God is the creator of everything, there are also many Atheists who dont believe in God. Atheists are people (many of them are scientists ) who believe that everything was all started and can be explained by science. Atheists believe that the Big Bang theory was a likely origin of our universe. Atheists believe that science is the answer to everything and that science can explain everything. They believe that there is no higher power or God. They believe that there is no way there is a God. Atheists believe that you have to see it to believe it. They believe in science because science is something they can see and they can prove everything by science. But still many things in science are theories and have not been fully proven. When Atheists are challenged by Christians they are often asked where did the energies and the particles come from? Did they just appear? Atheists come back with the counter question of where did the Christians creator God come from? Did he just appear? That is the mystery of life and the Atheists believe that everything began with science and everything can be explained through science, which is why Atheists believe in the Big Bang Theory. On the other side of the argument , the Christians believe in a God and that this is a higher power that created the universe, planets, moons, stars, and humans who live in this massive universe. THE BIG BANG. University of Michigan. Web. 11 Dec. 2010. . Origins of the Universe. National Geographic. Web. 11 Dec. 2010. . Earth, Earth Science, Planet Earth at SPACE.com. Learn More at Space.com. From Satellites to Stars, NASA Information, Astronomy, the Sun and the Planets, We Have Your Information Here. Web. 11 Dec. 2010. .

Wisdom and Foolishness in Shakespeares King Lear :: essays research papers

Tragedies are dominated by contrasts and conflicts between various entities such as, good and evil, legitimate and illegitimate, appearance and reality and so on. Another contrast is between wisdom and foolishness. If one associates foolishness with madmen and fools one will be surprised to find that in a tragedy such as King Lear this is not the case. Shakespeare portrays, the sane characters such as Kent and Cordelia as fools by virtue of loyalty, love and their willingness to speak the truth. On the otherhand, the Madman, Tom o’Bedlam and the fool are depicted as the true figures of wisdom. Moreover mirroring all this is King Lear’s transition from foolish behaviour through madness achieving wisdom. Cordelia and Kent may classify as sane characters but still their behaviour is foolish. Cordelia and Kent speak the truth which Lear does not want to hear. Their behaviour is foolish as they confront Lear, a mighty fortress of pride, in their willingness to be true and loyal to a father and to a king. Cordelia cannot heave her heart into her mouth and speaks plain, â€Å"I love your majesty according to my bond no more nor less†. In doing this she risks displeasing her father, furthermore she continues to displease him when she tries to make him realize his foolish behaviour. In the end she is willing to give her life for a father who has wronged her (when she returns to rescue him). Likewise Kent is also wronged when he confronts Lear with the true reality of things. In doing this he sacrifices his identity as Earl. Kent again risks his life when in disguise he returns to serve Lear again. In the end there are suggestions that he will follow Lear, his master, to the grave. Therefore, if the sane characters commit foolish actions, obeying the same paradox, the implications are that Tom o’Bedlam and the fool have to be wise. The role of the fool in the play is to remind Lear of his foolish behaviour in giving everything to his two daughters and in banishing Cordelia. The audience can get much insight in the words of the fool. This was not new to the Elizabethan audience as it was a theatrical convention that the fool would speak the truth. Likewise is poor Tom o’Bedlam (Edgar in disguise). In him Lear finds reason and calls him philosopher. Wisdom and Foolishness in Shakespeare's King Lear :: essays research papers Tragedies are dominated by contrasts and conflicts between various entities such as, good and evil, legitimate and illegitimate, appearance and reality and so on. Another contrast is between wisdom and foolishness. If one associates foolishness with madmen and fools one will be surprised to find that in a tragedy such as King Lear this is not the case. Shakespeare portrays, the sane characters such as Kent and Cordelia as fools by virtue of loyalty, love and their willingness to speak the truth. On the otherhand, the Madman, Tom o’Bedlam and the fool are depicted as the true figures of wisdom. Moreover mirroring all this is King Lear’s transition from foolish behaviour through madness achieving wisdom. Cordelia and Kent may classify as sane characters but still their behaviour is foolish. Cordelia and Kent speak the truth which Lear does not want to hear. Their behaviour is foolish as they confront Lear, a mighty fortress of pride, in their willingness to be true and loyal to a father and to a king. Cordelia cannot heave her heart into her mouth and speaks plain, â€Å"I love your majesty according to my bond no more nor less†. In doing this she risks displeasing her father, furthermore she continues to displease him when she tries to make him realize his foolish behaviour. In the end she is willing to give her life for a father who has wronged her (when she returns to rescue him). Likewise Kent is also wronged when he confronts Lear with the true reality of things. In doing this he sacrifices his identity as Earl. Kent again risks his life when in disguise he returns to serve Lear again. In the end there are suggestions that he will follow Lear, his master, to the grave. Therefore, if the sane characters commit foolish actions, obeying the same paradox, the implications are that Tom o’Bedlam and the fool have to be wise. The role of the fool in the play is to remind Lear of his foolish behaviour in giving everything to his two daughters and in banishing Cordelia. The audience can get much insight in the words of the fool. This was not new to the Elizabethan audience as it was a theatrical convention that the fool would speak the truth. Likewise is poor Tom o’Bedlam (Edgar in disguise). In him Lear finds reason and calls him philosopher.

History of the Funeral Industry

Funerals and burial rituals have been practiced for centuries. From mummification in the ancient Egyptian times to the extremely regimented practices of Muslims across the world, burial rituals differ greatly across the world’s societal bounds. The American funeral industry was never really established until after the civil war. Before the civil war, families would bury the bodies of relatives themselves. Messing with the natural course of decomposition by embalming the body was frowned upon during colonial times, but eventually began to gain popularity (Laderman). Although the practice of embalming corpses of the dead has been practiced for centuries, the U.S. began embalming the bodies of dead soldiers to prevent them from decomposing on the trip home. The person in charge of arranging and performing the embalming process was then known as an â€Å"undertaker† (funeralwise.com). After the war, the popularity of undertakers began to skyrocket; thus, forming an industry. The rapid spread of embalming practices and urbanization in the early twentieth century led to undertakers starting up funeral homes. Instead of the undertaker traveling to the home of the deceased, bodies were transported to the funeral home to be embalmed – relieving the families of having to deal with the logistics of death (Laderman). Although funeral directors, originally called â€Å"undertakers,† are well regarded professionals, the funeral industry has continually been tarnished by bad press, economic factors, and ugly controversies (Laderman). The most prevalent attack has been economic. Society has always considered the profession as a â€Å"swindlers paradise† because funeral homes often take advantage of grieving families by outrageously pricing their services. This is a constant uphill battle facing funeral directors of our day. The funeral industry has increasingly adapted to consumer demands, developing ways to cohere to the traditions of various societal groups. Although many ethnic/societal groups have specific funeral directors to take car of their dead, the rapidly emerging industry has become more ethnicity friendly and can adapt to any burial practice desired (funeralwise.com). This industry is looking at facing an economic boom as we reach the end of our â€Å"baby-boomer† generation, and they have come up with a plethora of creative ideas in order to cater their future.

Your role is to evaluate the significant progress and barriers to achieving one of these pillars. Based on iatas four pillar strategy The WritePass Journal

Your role is to evaluate the significant progress and barriers to achieving one of these pillars. Based on iatas four pillar strategy Abstract Your role is to evaluate the significant progress and barriers to achieving one of these pillars. Based on iatas four pillar strategy by 1.4%, but this could be largely attributed to the 2.7% capacity increase, when combined with efficiency savings. The purpose of this paper is to look at the pillars very briefly, before focusing on one of these pillars and considering the impact that this has had on the aviation industry. Consideration will be given to the pillar under analysis and, through the use of a PESTLE analysis, the impact on the industry will then be looked at with a view to identifying how this can be improved for all parties, in the future. As part of the agenda for change, four pillars were identified that needed to be targeted in the long run. These were technology, operations, infrastructure and economic measures. For the purposes of the analysis here, the economic measures will be looked at in conjunction with understanding the challenges faced by the aviation industry, in order to meet with these economic measures, but also to retain a commercially viable offering, in keeping with the pressures on the economy, as a whole. The other measures such as infrastructure, technology and operations will all have a direct impact on the industry, for example, the governments are required to consider the better approach to structuring the aviation industry, so that it is easier to create efficiencies. This could include the relocation of airports, or the storage associated with commercial airlines, so as to reduce the amount of trade required to these sites. For some companies, this presents a real opportunity, as they are able to gain access to new routes and increased efficiencies, but for others, it may be a challenge when it comes to redirecting routes or being able to maintain its budget approach, by virtue of the airport routes (nternational Civil Aviation Organisation 2004). The issue here, however, is in relation to the economic measures and restrictions that are placed on the industry. This is recognised as being an approach that may be necessary as a result of a failure in one of the three other pillars. The economic measures are therefore seen as measures of last resort, where it is necessary for the industry to put in place restrictions that are operable across the entire industry and create a co-ordinated approach that is cost effective (Hartzell   2006). This would mean that airlines would only be accountable once, but would be required to comply with these central standards. PESTLE Analysis (Political Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal) In order to consider this pillar further, as well as the potential barriers to its implementation, a PESTLE analysis of the industry will be undertaken, with specific reference to the challenges now being presented as a result of the economic measures. This will offer a real understanding of the reasons why the measures might fail. This will ultimately then allow for possible solutions to be ascertained and put forward for the future. Political There is a great deal of political pressure on the aviation industry to conform (and be seen to conform) with these international requirements. Individual companies within the aviation industry are required to ensure that they keep records, make efforts to comply and are able to accurately state their position and plans to reduce their environmental impact (TE/CAN-Europe 2006). Governments, as they have signed up to the agreement, are now also putting in place their own requirements for those within the aviation industry, such as the need to report on CO2 emissions and their carbon footprints, as part of their annual report, again placing political pressures on the company itself. Furthermore, the political pressure on the government in question is reflected in the need for the overall structure to change. As part of this, however, there are incentives being offered including grants to purchase new more efficient aircrafts and the ability to gain rewards for those organisations that are particularly efficient environmentally. Despite this, there is no one overall coherent situation which presents a real challenge for the airline industry, in terms of planning for the future (Jowett,2005). Economic The airline industry is facing a substantial economic challenge, aside from that attached to the four pillars of climate change. With more families facing financial pressures, there is a likely reduction in the amount of travel for leisure purposes and an increasing desire for families to consider cheaper alternatives, or at least to look for cheaper options, such as budget airlines or less popular routes. Alongside this, there have been challenges to the bottom line, due to increasing fuel costs and the threat of fines from the Environment Agency, if they are unable to comply with carbon emission limits. Furthermore, other governmental requirements have been placed on the industry in relation to the need to have additional security and whilst this is not directly limited to the environmental measures, it is another indication of the way in which the government is impacting and restricting the economic freedom of the industry (The Observer 2005). Social Families are becoming considerably more widespread, with regular foreign holidays becoming increasingly popular. This and an increasing global approach to the sale of goods and products also increase the demand for cost effective transport. This is potentially in direct conflict with the demands being placed on organisations to ensure that they comply with environmental standards. On the whole, however, it is suggested that the public in general will support the agenda of increasing the interest in environmental impact, thus providing an opportunity for companies to use this as a selling point to the public, particularly if they exceed the standards being set (Lee 2004) . Technological This is a pillar in itself, showing a recognition that technology provides real opportunities within the airline industry, both to create overall efficiencies, but also to deal with the environmental concerns that arise currently. The technology force is seen to be two fold. Technology can be used to create efficiencies, for example, to plan routes and to determine the most appropriate way of providing the end service (The Guardian 2006). Automation and factors such as checking in passengers all offer efficiency saving options, but the main issue here is that technology allows for issues such as carbon emissions to be monitored more actively and this can then be used to manage the progress of a company and as a means of looking for improvements for the future (Graham 2000). Environmental The very essence of the issues being considered here is the increasing demands being placed on all industries to consider the environmental impact that they are having, both locally and globally. The airline industry is a particularly vast, due to the heavy environmental impact that it has, on a global level, and as such it is then necessary to comply with the standards agreed by the various different governments, during the recent IATA conference (Owen and Lee 2006). Having an enforced standard is therefore going to place a burden on the airline industries, although also potentially offers opportunities, as the governments look at ways of creating incentives to match the targets being placed on the industry to improve its position and also to use this as a means of gaining a good PR story and being seen to be environmentally conscious. Legal Legal requirements relating to environmental performance are becoming increasingly stringent, in the UK, with the government now looking to enforce certain behaviours on the industry. Other areas of legal scrutiny are also increasing the pressure on the industry; however, for the purposes of this analysis, it is noted that the main concern is the legal requirement on companies to report their status on their environmental capability and also to ensure that they remain aware of the future demands, so that investment can be made, as and when, rather than being a substantial financial burden, at a point in the future (Green Skies Alliances 2006). Any failures in this area could result in costly and time consuming legal battles and may ultimately result in the fining of the company by agencies such as the Environment Agency.   Barriers and Possible Solutions By looking at the issues above and the focus that is now being shown by the IATA on economic measures, as well as the impact that this is having on the airline industry, as a whole, there are some obvious barriers to these measures being successful. Firstly, there is the need to identify that, whilst there has been a co-operative approach to the climate change agenda, there is no one coherent system in place. This creates difficulties for both individual governments when it comes to creating a set of rules and regulations that are compliant with the overall standards, but are also relevant to the individual country. A potential solution to this barrier would be the need to offer greater flexibility to the individual jurisdictions to aim towards the overall goals, but without being too prescriptive in their approach (Trucost   2004). Secondly, a real barrier that is being faced is the fact that the airline industry is facing a variety of challenges, as it currently stands and therefore adding pressures to this is not going to work well with the industry, in terms of gaining acceptance. It is suggested, therefore, that although there need to be fines and restrictions put in place, a greater emphasis also needs to be put on the incentives and encouragement of the airline industry to behave in a certain way; for example, by allowing those companies which exceed their standards to gain a financial benefit, or by offering grants when the companies are considering making environmentally friendly improvements (Sewill 2003). Finally, it is suggested that one of the man barriers is that companies simply do not see a benefit being derived and therefore environmental restrictions are seen as being very negative to their current bottom line. A way of combating this would therefore be to assist companies in deriving a benefit from these restrictions; for example, by offering a grading that the company can then publicise and use as part of its marketing. The consumer public, as a whole, supports the idea of becoming more environmentally friendly and, as such, a method whereby the airline industry can gain a positive branding from complying with standards will be a way of offering an incentive and gaining more positive support, rather than being viewed as something that simply must be complied with. References Graham A (2000) Demand for leisure travel and limits to growth. Journal of Air Transport Management 6, pp109–118. Green Skies Alliance (10/7/06) Leaked Government report sets out alarming growth in air travel emissions. Pressrelease. Hartzell J (Aug 2006) Carbon offsets. Internal Paper, Ethical Property Company, Oxford. International Civil Aviation Organisation (Feb 2004) Operational opportunities to minimise fuel use and reduce emissions. ICAO Circular 303-AN/176. International Civil Aviation Organisation (Mar 2006) ATM-related environmental activities.Working paper ALLPIRG/5-WP/21. International Climate Change Taskforce (Jan 2005) Meeting the climate challenge: Recommendations of the International Climate Change Taskforce. IPPR, London. Jowett, K. (Nov 2005) Flights of fancy over aircraft pollution. Article in Transport Times. Lee D (2004) The science of aviation induced climate change. Proceedings of the UK Energy Research Centre, ‘Workable metrics for the EU emissions trading scheme’.Lee D (2006 Owen B and Lee D (Mar 2006) Allocation of international aviation emissions from scheduled air traffic – future cases, 2005–2050 (Report 3). Manchester Metropolitan University Centre for Air Transport and the Environment, Final report to DEFRA Global Atmosphere Division, Sewill B (Feb 2003) The Hidden Cost of Flying, Aviation Environment Federation, London. TE/CAN-Europe (2006) Clearing the air: the myth and reality of aviation and climate change. TE 06/2, Brussels. The Guardian (27/1/06) Passengers abandon northern flights for Virgin’s high-speed west coast tilting Pendolinos. The Guardian (22/2/06) Most Britons willing to pay green taxes to save the environment. Report based on a poll 17–19 Feb 2006. The Observer (26/6/05) Britain backs curb on cheap flights. Report based on a poll 10–12 June 2005. Trucost (Mar 2004) Emissions trading and European Aviation – the effects of incorporating aviation into the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, London

How To Calculate Avogadros Number Experimentally

How To Calculate Avogadro's Number Experimentally Avogadros number isnt a mathematically derived unit. The number of particles in a mole of a material is determined experimentally. This method uses electrochemistry to make the determination. You may wish to review the working of electrochemical cells before attempting this experiment. Purpose The objective is to make an experimental measurement of Avogadros number. Introduction A mole can be defined as the gram formula mass of a substance or the atomic mass of an element in grams. In this experiment, electron flow (amperage or current) and time are measured in order to obtain the number of electrons passing through the electrochemical cell. The number of atoms in a weighed sample is related to electron flow to calculate Avogadros number. In this electrolytic cell, both electrodes are copper and the electrolyte is 0.5 M H2SO4. During electrolysis, the copper electrode (anode) connected to the positive pin of the power supply loses mass as the copper atoms are converted to copper ions. The loss of mass may be visible as pitting of the surface of the metal electrode. Also, the copper ions pass into the water solution and tint it blue. At the other electrode (cathode), hydrogen gas is liberated at the surface through the reduction of hydrogen ions in the aqueous sulfuric acid solution. The reaction is:2 H(aq) 2 electrons - H2(g)This experiment is based on the mass loss of the copper anode, but it is also possible to collect the hydrogen gas that is evolved and use it to calculate Avogadros number. Materials A direct current source (battery or power supply)Insulated wires and possibly alligator clips to connect the cells2 Electrodes (e.g., strips of copper, nickel, zinc, or iron)250-ml beaker of 0.5 M H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)WaterAlcohol (e.g., methanol or isopropyl alcohol)A small beaker of 6 M HNO3 (nitric acid)Ammeter or multimeterStopwatchAn analytical balance capable of measuring to nearest 0.0001 gram Procedure Obtain two copper electrodes. Clean the electrode to be used as the anode by immersing it in 6 M HNO3 in a fume hood for 2-3 seconds. Remove the electrode promptly or the acid will destroy it. Do not touch the electrode with your fingers. Rinse the electrode with clean tap water. Next, dip the electrode into a beaker of alcohol. Place the electrode onto a paper towel. When the electrode is dry, weigh it on an analytical balance to the nearest 0.0001 gram. The apparatus looks superficially like this diagram of an electrolytic cell except that you are using two beakers connected by an ammeter rather than having the electrodes together in a solution. Take beaker with 0.5 M H2SO4 (corrosive!) and place an electrode in each beaker. Before making any connections be sure the power supply is off and unplugged (or connect the battery last). The power supply is connected to the ammeter in series with the electrodes. The positive pole of the power supply is connected to the anode. The negative pin of the ammeter is connected to the anode (or place the pin in the solution if you are concerned about the change in mass from an alligator clip scratching the copper). The cathode is connected to the positive pin of the ammeter. Finally, the cathode of the electrolytic cell is connected to the negative post of the battery or power supply. Remember, the mass of the anode will begin to change as soon as you turn the power on, so have your stopwatch ready ! You need accurate current and time measurements. The amperage should be recorded at one minute (60 sec) intervals. Be aware that the amperage may vary over the course of the experiment due to changes in the electrolyte solution, temperature, and position of the electrodes. The amperage used in the calculation should be an average of all readings. Allow the current to flow for a minimum of 1020 seconds (17.00 minutes). Measure the time to the nearest second or fraction of a second. After 1020 seconds (or longer) turn off the power supply record the last amperage value and the time. Now you retrieve the anode from the cell, dry it as before by immersing it in alcohol and allowing it to dry on a paper towel, and weigh it. If you wipe the anode you will remove copper from the surface and invalidate your work! If you can, repeat the experiment using the same electrodes. Sample Calculation The following measurements were made: Anode mass lost: 0.3554 grams (g)Current(average): 0.601 amperes (amp)Time of electrolysis: 1802 seconds (s) Remember:One ampere 1 coulomb/second or one amp.s 1 coulombThe charge of one electron is 1.602 x 10-19  coulomb Find the total charge passed through the circuit.(0.601 amp)(1 coul/1amp-s)(1802 s) 1083  coulCalculate the number of electrons in the electrolysis.(1083 coul)(1 electron/1.6022 x 1019coul) 6.759 x 1021  electronsDetermine the number of copper atoms lost from the anode.The electrolysis process consumes two electrons per copper ion formed. Thus, the number of copper (II) ions formed is half the number of electrons.Number of Cu2  ions  ½ number of electrons measuredNumber of Cu2  ions (6.752 x 1021  electrons)(1 Cu2  / 2 electrons)Number of Cu2  ions 3.380 x 1021  Cu2  ionsCalculate the number of copper ions per gram of copper from the number of copper ions above and the mass of copper ions produced.The mass of the copper ions produced is equal to the mass loss of the anode. (The mass of the electrons is so small as to be negligible, so the mass of the copper (II) ions is the same as the mass of copper atoms.)mass loss of electrode mass of Cu2  ions 0.3554 g3.380 x 1021  Cu2  ions / 0.3544g 9.510 x 1021  Cu2  ions/g 9.510 x 1021  Cu atoms/g Calculate the number of copper atoms in a mole of copper, 63.546 grams.Cu atoms/mole of Cu (9.510 x 1021  copper atoms/g copper)(63.546 g/mole copper)Cu atoms/mole of Cu 6.040 x 1023  copper atoms/mole of copperThis is the students  measured  value of  Avogadros  number!Calculate percent error.Absolute error: |6.02 x 1023  - 6.04 x 1023  | 2 x 1021Percent error: (2 x 10 21 / 6.02 x 10 23)(100) 0.3 %

Emotionally intelligent leaders and their impact on followers' Essay - 1

Emotionally intelligent leaders and their impact on followers' performance and well-being A critical review of the literature - Essay Example These have become increasingly important elements of Emotional Intelligence in every organization. It plays a vital role in leadership and management and has an influence on the employees working in an organization. In the first part of the paper, we will focus on critical review of emotional intelligence in leadership and how they have an influence on employees. In the second part, a reflection for practice will be presented with evidences from literature and evaluation of EI scores. Critical Review of Literature Leadership & Emotional Intelligence at Workplace Research indicates that leaders who constitute high level of emotional intelligence in the workplace are getting better outcomes and increased work performances by the employees. Building and sustaining relationships is an important aspect of management and the recognition of these emotions through self management and relationship management enhances the emotional intelligence of leading bodies. These may also help leaders re spond better in various difficult situations and be able to understand the complexities in situations. An increased amount of self awareness through emotional intelligence causes empathy and understanding among the leaders and the subordinates as stated by Collins(2011). Even though it has been believed that personality and psychological traits may appear to be somewhat stable (Costa, 1992) but in reality this may not be the case, managers can improve their leadership skills by understanding their strengths and weaknesses through self-awareness and self-regulation and understand and enhance a leadership style, Jennings(2012)which may have a profound impact on the environment. However, there can be few unanswered questions which need to be examined like determining a natural style for an appropriate situations and ways to achieve the desired impact of that leadership style. It is also necessary to measure and see if these levels of emotional intelligence will have a positive impact o n employees or not. Some scholars argue to that emotional intelligence may not perceived as too important for senior managerial positions Crandall(2007)while some claim it is difficult to attain intelligence as it is a part of an individual’s personality. Some scholars believe that emotional skills can be developed and enhanced through learning and experience (David R. Caruso, 2004). Higher levels of emotional intelligence in leadership give rise to higher productivity in the organization in the following areas; Participative Management When a leader shows empathy in building relationships with the employees then they welcome and acknowledge feedback from employees relating to any task. They also value interdependency between work groups. Leaders executing emotional intelligence in the workplace are always seen as good listeners and always implement change by getting input from employees and subordinates, cooperate with the workforce to understand their emotions and foster go od working relationships in the workplace (Lorne & Robert, 1991). Self Awareness, Straightforwardness & Composure As cited by Gallagher(2012), when emotional intelligence supersedes, the leader or the manager has a clear understanding of their strength, weaknesses and they are able to control their expressions and responses in stressful situations. In return, the employees may feel at ease during work and

Methods of Teaching and Assessment in Higher Education in the U.K Essay

Methods of Teaching and Assessment in Higher Education in the U.K - Essay Example Generally, teachers and research professionals make available time tabled classes and independent works for a sizeable amount of time based on the course. Independent learning programs play significant role in current education system in U.K. It has often been identified as promoting international standards for educational programs. Independent learning programs ensure more responsibility from the part of students and they also help students to practice effective time management (Quality Improvement Agency). Therefore, independent learning programs and teaching methods are essential for higher education classrooms for international standards. Direct and lecturing methods of teaching also bestow considerable assistance for students in their researches and they ensure desirable learner outcome and academic development among the students from U.K. Education professionals in U.K strongly advocates the implementation of learner centered education programs. Because of this they have design ed teaching methods with the backgrounds of learning theories. Conventional or traditional methods like lecturing, work place training, seminars and group discussion play vital roles in the field of higher education program in United Kingdom. Lecturing permits the students to get up-to date information about their prescribed topics. Seminars and problem solving methods in higher education class rooms help the students to improve personal skills and gain better understanding. All these teaching methods keep an eye on providing quality education for all and methods like seminars and group discussions help the students to acquire knowledge from various sources. Duke Maskell and Ian Robinson inform that â€Å"More whole class teaching will produce nothing but more classes taught as a... This paper approves that process of assessment demands higher level of accuracy and it plays a significant role in education process. Choice of assessment methods are mingled with the overall objectives of the program. In higher secondary level, it contains the systematic development of various disciplinary skills such as problem solving, observation, and creative thinking among the students. Students prepare assignments, essays, portfolio, open book examinations, dissertations and project works related with their prescribed subjects. Methods of problem solving and developing plans include various activities like work-based problem, group work, case analysis and preparing enquiry report and conference programs. This essay makes a conclusion that it is evident that innovative teaching methods and assessment techniques in universities provide sufficient academic development for students. Higher education programs in U.K. practices various teaching methods which included the elements of both traditional and modern teaching methods. Effective assessment methods are developed through the support of various learning theories like cognitive theory and constructivism. Existing teaching methods and assessment programs satisfy students’ requirement. Various fields of higher education in U.K. like language and literature, professional education, electronics and communication and healthcare provide international standard for its curriculum as well teaching and assessment methods.

Great Gatsby (FS Fitzgerald), Passing (N Larson), and poems of Essay

Great Gatsby (FS Fitzgerald), Passing (N Larson), and poems of Langston Hughes - Essay Example But let us look again at the mountain.'(1) Larsen's second novel (The Passing) tells the story of two light skinned women: Irene Redfield and Clare Kendry. Clare Kendry is of mixed heritage, while Irene Redfield is fully African American but both are light enough to pass. Clare fully commits herself to passing and marries John Bellew, a white man who knows nothing of her heritage and affectionately and jokingly calls her "Nig" for her "tan" complexion. Irene lives in Harlem, commits herself to racial uplift, and marries a black doctor. The novel centers on the meeting of the two childhood friends later in life, and the unfolding of events as each woman is fascinated and seduced by the other's daring lifestyle. The novel traces a tragic path as Irene finds out about the affair between Clare and her husband and Clare's race is revealed to John Bellew. The novel ends with Clare's sudden death by "falling" out of a window. As for the Great Gatsby,Nick Carraway, a young man from Minnesota, moves to New York in the summer of 1922 to learn about the bond business. He rents a house in the West Egg district of Long Island, a wealthy but unfashionable area populated by the new rich, a group who have made their fortunes too recently to have established social connections and who are prone to garish displays of wealth. Nick's next-door neighbor in West Egg is a mysterious man named Jay Gatsby, who lives in a gigantic Gothic mansion and throws extravagant parties every Saturday night. Nick is unlike the other inhabitants of West Egg-he was educated at Yale and has social connections in East Egg, a fashionable area of Long Island home to the established upper class. Nick drives out to East Egg one evening for dinner with his cousin, Daisy Buchanan, and her husband, Tom, an erstwhile classmate of Nick's at Yale. Daisy and Tom introduce Nick to Jordan Baker, a beautiful, cynical young woman with whom Nick begins a romantic relationship. Nick also learns a bit about Daisy and Tom's marriage: Jordan tells him that Tom has a lover, Myrtle Wilson, who lives in the valley of ashes, a gray industrial dumping ground between West Egg and New York City. Not long after this revelation, Nick travels to New York City with Tom and Myrtle. At a vulgar, gaudy party in the apartment that Tom keeps for the affair, Myrtle begins to taunt Tom about Daisy, and Tom responds by breaking her nose. As the summer progresses, Nick eventually garners an invitation to one of Gatsby's legendary parties. He encounters Jordan Baker at the party, and they meet Gatsby himself, a surprisingly young man who affects an English accent, has a remarkable smile, and calls everyone "old sport." Gatsby asks to speak to Jordan alone, and, through Jordan, Nick later learns more about his mysterious neighbor. Gatsby tells Jordan that he knew Daisy in Louisville in 1917 and is deeply in love with her. He spends many nights staring at the

Effects of Online Games to the Students Essay Example for Free

Effects of Online Games to the Students Essay As time passes by, technology continues to evolve. Because of technology, new things were created that sustains and lightens human work. Computers were created because of technology. Computers were the greatest thing ever invented by man itself. In the modern age, computers have become a part of man’s life. Almost all the things around us were made by computers with the aid of modern machines. From the edited books, design, special effects in movies, and televisions etc., were all made by computers. Along with the evolution of technology, computers continue to upgrade as well until the time that computer has now become a part of man’s everyday life that are hooked to computers. Computers can now edit documents to your PC, play mini games, search information you need using the internet, save documents to your PC and play online games. It’s like an all-in-one gadget that can do all the things you want anytime you need it. From 1990 to the present year, online games had a big impact to us especially teenagers. Online games have many genres, including FPS games, MMORPG, Casual games and multiplayer games. A game will become an online game if it involves in using a computer or a series of computers with one player in each computer to battle it out with other players using the Internet depending on the game genre. Games have always been a popular pastime, but with the advent of computer games they have become even more pervasive. Despite all this progress, we may still stop and ask what makes a game. Because computer games are a subset of games, everything we can say about games in general applies also to them. Nevertheless, computer games are also computer programs, and, therefore, lessons learnt in software construction can be applied to them. A third perspective to computer games is subjective and it concerns finding out what features the players expect from a computer game. A dictionary defines ‘game’ as ‘a universal form of recreation generally including any activity engaged in for diversion or amusement and often establishing a situation that involves a contest or rivalry. A computer game is carried out with the help of a computer program. This definition leaves us some leeway, since it does not implicate that the whole game takes place in the computer. For example, a game of Chess can be played on the screen or on a real-world board, regardless whether the opponent is a computer program The world of online gaming is basically all about community. Gaming has gained such popularity that it could now be considered as practically mandatory. Being great and skilled at playing these video games gives individuals several social benefits. Gaming communities have proven to be powerful, profitable, and at the same time, very fragile. Based on studies and research conducted, gaming has become one of fastest growing in the entertainment sector. It has surpassed the achievements of full-length films, revenue-wise. Gaming is truly a social activity and the mere act of playing games has been directly linked in the establishment of relationships as well as social hierarchies throughout history. Games could be engrossing for many different reasons. Online games or video games are those that could be played over some kind of computer games to those games that incorporate complex computer graphics with virtual worlds that are populated by a lot of players simultaneously. A lot of the video games today have their own associated online communities and these make online games a true social activity that goes beyond the single player games. Online gaming has really made it mark, being an innovative feature of the Internet which would surely be staying and developing in the many, many years to come. In the past, only those who were willing to spend expensive fees and put up with a hard setup process made up online gaming communities. Today, though, a lot of people are getting into, even the younger generation, which raises some negative implications as well on its effect on students. Background of the Study Development of technology brought many things that people do not have many years back. One of those things was online gaming that was provided by the internet. Online Gaming is one of the widely used leisure activities by many people. Teenagers who were playing these online games said that they were playing online games just for fun, to keep away from the heat of the sun, without knowing that there were a lot of effects of playing these games that are more than what they think. Playing online games enabled the mind of the players to be more active, especially those puzzled based-games. It helps the players to come up with decision tight situations, especially those adventure games that kept the players to be alert, active and strategic. Playing online games made the players experience different feelings because it was as if the players really are the one taking the challenges. Despite those benefits, playing online games also brought negative effects, it requires much of the playerâ €™s time, leaving school activities and homework unattended. The Internet has pervaded our society rapidly. It has been major means of communication, used for the exchange of information, for news and for shopping, and now one of the most popular online contents is the game. Online gaming was mainly concentrating on gaming over the internet, where an amount of money is bet on the prospect of a player or group of players winning. Those types of games were usually referred to by the websites as games of skill, and include chess, backgammon and solitaires. Online gaming is a technology rather than a genre, a mechanism for connecting players together rather than a particular pattern of game play. Online games are played over some form of computer network, now typically on the Internet. Some of the advantages of playing online games are, the ability to connect to multiplayer games, although single-player online games are quite common as well, and the ability to build the confidence of the individual in the game that they have used to play. Some of the disadvantages also on playing online games were; the students may be too much hooked on this game and may have insufficient time to study their lessons that their teachers taught them. In the year 2008, most high school students have played a lot of online gaming, and it is very popular. Online games were inspired by video games. The first video and computer games, such as NIMROD (1951), OXO (1952), and Space war! (1961) were for one or two players sitting at a single computer which was being used only to play the game. Later in the 1960s, computers began to support time-sharing, which allowed multiple users to share use of a computer simultaneously. Systems of computer terminals were created allowing users to operate the computer from a different room than where the computer was housed. Soon after, Modem links further expanded this range so that users did not have to be in the same building as the computer; terminals could connect to their host computers via dial-up or leased telephone lines. With the increased remote access, host based games were created, in which users on remote systems connected to a central computer to play single-player, and soon after, multiplayer games. Online games can give us positive effects and benefits to us students, but on the contrary we notice that the students spend more time in playing online games rather than it in such a productive way. Online gaming is an emotionally draining and time-consuming activity. To create more time for the computer, gaming addicts neglect sleep, diet, exercise, hobbies, and socializing. They let their own health go as they do not get the proper rest and nutrition they need. They may suffer a number of health problems from back strain, eye strain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and repetitive stress injury. In this study, sophomore students of College of Business in Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP) are the respondents. We chose them as our respondents because we see that most of them are addicted in online games. They are given an opportunity to answer and evaluate themselves whether they can handle playing online games and at the same time can do other important activities. It is for the reason that we are interested in taking a more serious look in the effects of online games particularly to the sophomore students of Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP) who are the role models of freshmen students. Theoretical Framework Game theory is a study of strategic decision making. More formally, it is the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers. An alternative term suggested as a more descriptive name for the discipline is interactive decision theory. Game theory is mainly used in economics, political science, and psychology, as well as logic and biology. The subject first addressed zero-sum games, such that one persons gains exactly equal net losses of the other participant(s). Today, however, game theory applies to a wide range of class relations, and has developed into an umbrella term for the logical side of science, to include both human and non-humans, like computers. Classic uses include a sense of balance in numerous games, where each person has found or developed a tactic that cannot successfully better his results, given the other approach. Early discussions of examples of two-person games occurred long before the rise of modern, mathematical game theory. The first known discussion of game theory occurred in a letter written by James Waldegrave in 1713. In this letter, Waldegrave provides a minimax mixed strategy solution to a two-person version of the card game le her. James Madison made what we now recognize as a game-theoretic analysis of the ways states can be expected to behave under different systems of taxation. In his 1838 Recherches sur les principes mathà ©matiques de la thà ©orie des richesses (Researches into the Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth), Antoine Augustin Cournot considered a duopoly and presents a solution that is a restricted version of the Nash equilibrium. The Danish mathematician Zeuthen proved that the mathematical model had a winning strategy by using Brouwers fixed point theorem. In his 1938 book Applications aux Jeux de Hasard and earlier notes, Émile Borel proved a minimax theorem for two-person zero-sum matrix games only when the pay-off matrix was symmetric. Borel conjectured that non-existence of mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games would occur, a conjecture that was proved false. Game theory did not really exist as a unique field until John von Neumann published a paper in 1928. Von Neumanns original proof used Brouwers fixed-point theorem on continuous mappings into compact convex sets, which became a standard method in game theory and mathematical economics. His paper was followed by his 1944 book Theory of Games and Economic Behaviour. The second edition of this book provided an axiomatic theory of utility, which reincarnated Daniel Bernoullis old theory of utility (of the money) as an independent discipline. Von Neumanns work in game theory culminated in this 1944 book. This foundational work contains the method for finding mutually consistent solutions for two-person zero-sum games. During the following time period, work on game theory was primarily focused on cooperative game theory, which analyse optimal strategies for groups of individuals, presuming that they can enforce agreements between them about proper strategies. In 1950, the first mathematical discussion of the prisoners dilemma appeared, and an experiment was undertaken by notable mathematicians Merrill M. Flood and Melvin Dresher, as part of the RAND corporations investigations into game theory. Rand pursued the studies because of possible applications to global nuclear strategy. Around this same time, John Nash developed a criterion for mutual consistency of players strategies, known as Nash equilibrium, applicable to a wider variety of games than the criterion proposed by von Neumann and Morgenstern. This equilibrium is sufficiently general to allow for the analysis of non-cooperative games in addition to cooperative ones. Game theory experienced a flurry of activity in the 1950s, during which time the concepts of the core, the extensive form game, fictitious play, repeated games, and the Shapley value were developed. In addition, the first applications of Game theory to philosophy and political science occurred during this time. In 1965, Reinhard Selten introduced his solution concept of sub game perfect equilibria, which further refined the Nash equilibrium. In 1967, John Harsanyi developed the concepts of complete information and Bayesian games. Nash, Selten and Harsanyi became Economics Nobel Laureates in 1994 for their contributions to economic game theory. In the 1970s, game theory was extensively applied in biology, largely as a result of the work of John Maynard Smith and his evolutionarily stable strategy. In addition, the concepts of correlated equilibrium, trembling hand perfection, and common knowledge were introduced and analysed. In 2005, game theorists Thomas Schelling and Robert Aumann followed Nash, Selten and Harsanyi as Nobel Laureates. Schelling worked on dynamic models, early examples of evolutionary game theory. Aumann contributed more to the equilibrium school, introducing an equilibrium coarsening, correlated equilibrium, and developing an extensive formal analysis of the assumption of common knowledge and of its consequences. In 2007, Leonid Hurwicz, together with Eric Maskin and Roger Myerson, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory. Myersons contributions include the notion of proper equilibrium, and an important graduate text: Game Theory, Analysis of Conflict (Myerson 1997). Hurwicz introduced and formalized the concept of incentive compatibility. Modern game theory began with the idea regarding the existence of mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games and its proof by John von Neumann. Von Neumanns original proof used Brouwers fixed-point theorem on continuous mappings into compact convex sets, which became a standard method in game theory and mathematical economics. His paper was followed by his 1944 book Theory of Games and Economic Behaviour, with Oskar Morgenstern, which considered cooperative games of several players. The second edition of this book provided an axiomatic theory of expected utility, which allowed mathematical statisticians and economists to treat decision-making under uncertainty. This theory was developed extensively in the 1950s by many scholars. Game theory was later explicitly applied to biology in the 1970s, although similar developments go back at least as far as the 1930s. Game theory has been widely recognized as an important tool in many fields. Eight game-theorists have won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and John Maynard Smith was awarded the Crafoord Prize for his application of game theory to biology. Game theory, is a branch of applied mathematics that provides tools for analysing situations in which parties, called players, make decisions that are interdependent. This interdependence causes each player to consider the other player’s possible decisions, or strategies, in formulating his own strategy. A solution to a game describes the optimal decisions of the players, who may have similar, opposed, or mixed interests, and the outcomes that may result from these decisions. Although game theory can be and has been used to analyze parlour games, its applications are much broader. In fact, game theory was originally developed by the Hungarian-born American mathematician John von Neumann (http://www.gametheorysociety.org/)