Pro-Choice Abortion Essay -- Freedom of Choice, Pro-Choice Essays

Abortion Abortion is one of the most personal, widely discussed, and controversial topics in American culture today. In most cases, people on both sides of the argu handst take worthy and moral positions. Who can blame someone who wishes to sustain the termination of a teen pregnancy to save the life of an unborn child? On the other hand, who can blame anyone who advocates the soon-to-be mothers right to make such(prenominal) a personal, heartbreaking choice? No matter what she chooses to do, should anyone hold the legal right to force her to bear an unwanted child? Most people in the US are pro-choice, and believe that abortion should be a legal, confidential decision that only a woman can make for herself. However, some are against the idea of terminating life, regardless of its current stage. People advocating this pro-life opinion believe that de-legalizing abortion will make it go away. Sadly, that is incorrect. Throughout American history, despite complications of legali ty, women have managed to have abortions without much difficulty, whether from a doctor, a back-alley abortionist pretending to be a doctor, or even themselves. Fittingly, about 80% of women are pro-choice, while 60% of men follow the pro-choice ideal. This is exemplified by the fact that nearly half of all American women (including teenagers) have had an abortion at least once. Abortion has been a rattling common part of American life since the eighteenth century. Both in times of public scrutiny, and acceptance, abortion has always been present in the linked States. At the start of the 1900?s, it was common practice for doctors to refuse medical care to woman suffering from abortion complications, until she confessed to having an abortion. This cruel practice ... ...responsible, nave adolescent. For example, the possibility that a lady friend whom is ?flamboyant? in her physical excapades, demands an abortion every other month, is purely ridiculous. I do not condone such b ehavior, but I do believe that abortion is sometimes the most logical, least heart-wrenching choice. Although I do not whole-heartedly agree with the concept of terminating the possibility of life, it is sometimes necessary to prevent or even end one life, to save a massive amount of suffering, and rescue the livelihood of many others. Furthermore, the opinion of corrupt political officials and the twisted draw of society should have no say in the personal matters of a single, suffering woman. As a result, it is the right of every woman in the United States to judge how serious the circumstances are, and make the decision to accept or decline abortion for her self.

Religion And Politics In The Revolutionary Era :: essays research papers

The Christians objective is not this world-certainly not the world of politics-but the Kingdom of God. Christianity is therefore essentially other-worldly. Jesus himself was entirely apolitical, and we, his, followers, essential similarly hold aloof from the political arena. However, God is a political God, and a belief in God requires political involvement. (Davies 9) Consequently, the entanglement of politics with theology is inevitable. This concept is supported in Jon Butlers article, Coercion, Miracle, Reason. Several colonies including Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware that lacked any kind of establishment used the law to uphold Christianity in everyday terms. For example, the Quakers in Pennsylvania forced office holders to affirm their belief in Christs divinity, banned blasphemy, forbade Sunday labor, and urged settlers to attend church so looseness, irreligion, and ungodliness may not creep in under pretense of conscience.(Butler 5) As if evident, the age of Revolution had motivations and justifications that were concerned with religion. The question is not whether politics and religion go hand in hand- that is apparent-but to what extent?Examining Christianity and its basis, the Bible or scripture, supports the notion that politics is unavoidably involved with religion. Looking at the Bible on can keep an eye on a plethora of references that evade to the fact of God being political and that the acts in history. God is referred to as lord, king, and ruler, one who sit on a throne. He has made them a people, having delivered them from slavery, entered into a covenant with them and given them a land or country. He was to give freedom to the captives and the oppressed, to have all things subject to himself and he will reign as one having supreme authority. But if politics is what God is doing, then equally politics is what people must do in response to God. (Davies 11-12) According to Davies politics should and will be involved an d such that to the extent of where it is used serving God and only God. How can one cite that religion (especially Christianity) be aloof of politics and vice-versa when it is obvious that the two work together. This is evident in biblical history as mentioned above. Nevertheless, what does it mean to be a Christian? Some feel that saying their prayers and going to Church constitutes one as being a Christian. However, the Bible does not emphasize strictly ghostlike acts but upon obedience to God in everyday life.

Plot Line Revealed in Act 1 of Shakespeare’s As You Like It :: Shakespeare As You Like It Essays

The opening scene of Shakespeares As You Like It, in which there is nothing light hearted, is completely expository and contrived but fulfilling its function of revealing the plot line to the reference. The fact that Shakespeare uses this kind of dramatic technique in the first scene twice shows that he wants to make the wickedness of Oliver perfectly clear. The action starts when Orlando, the younger brother decides to rebel against the oppression of his older brother, who is treating him like a common pheasant. He tells Oliver The spirit of my father, which I think is within me, begins to mutiny against this servitude. I will no longer endure it, yet I know no wise remedy how to head off it. Orlandos complaints are completely justified, as Oliver is mean spirited and malicious in the treatment of Orlando, which the audience can clearly see from this opening scene. Oliver appears frore and distant when he speaks with Orlando Now, sir, what make you here? -And this contrasts grea tly with the sisterly bond between Rosalind and Celia. Orlando approaches Oliver with defiance and a confrontational attitude, arousing the audiences arouse at this quarrel, and establishing his character assertive, sightly and bold, a character that every audience will like and take an interest in. Oliver also shows that he is adept in the wordplay matches the play holds. Orlando and Oliver transform much verbal sparring in the first scene, including when Orlando seizes his brother by the throat, Oliver exclaims, Wilt thou lay hands on me, villain? Orlando picks up the etymon meaning of these words, that he is a person of ignorable birth and replies, I am no villain I am the younger son of Sir Rowland de Boys he was my father, and is thrice a villain that says such a father begot villains. Shakespeare uses an artful device to portray information to the audience by using the two quarrelling brothers. In Olivers soliloquy we can almost anticipate that he is planning something agai nst Orlando I hope I shall see an end of him The opening scene begins with conflict and tension, which arouses interest in the audience. It also presents us with strong character interactions and strong feelings jealousy, hatred and wickedness, all of which are appealing for anyone watching the play. The theme of injustice also entices the audience and the fact that Oliver is planning against his younger brother is particularly interesting.

What Is The Expression Theory Of Art Essay -- essays research papers

Art has evolved and regenerated itself many times during our human existence. These differences are defined through changes in styles infra various theories. During the nineteenth and early twentieth century, a style known as Expressionism became popular. During this movement the artists were trying to use their artwork as a pawn of crush oution toward life. It was mainly dominant in the nonrepresentational arts, such as abstract visual arts and music. It also was probably ane of the most serious movements to understand because the whole point of the piece lay within the artist. Not only was it a movement, it defined the act of art as a whole. From the ascendent of time, each work of art, excluding replicas, show a way of expressing ones self. E very(prenominal) artist puts a piece of his or herself into their artwork. Who really is to determine what that work of art was meant to express? One might ask, "Since most artwork is used as a way for an artist to express him or h erself, what gets this materialization period anything special?" On the general level "Expressionistic art, whether literature, painting, music, or cinema, often involves intense psychic disturbance and distortion in the perspective adopted by the artwork." "It is remote from the object or realistic portrayals of the world, as well as from the happier emotions." To bring a more defined meaning to the overall theory of expressionism, two philosophers play a large role. The first notarized expressionistic philosopher was the Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy who was followed by his counterpart R.G. Collingwood a twentieth-century English philosopher. Together they hold the two best known expositions of the expression theory.What make these two analyzers important is not what they agreed on, but rather on how they contrasted. They both conclude that during the expression theory, the main concern was to express emotion. The one question that draws the two apart is &quo tWhat does it mean to express an emotion?" They attempt to conclude this question, by providing the answers to a few others. What the nature of art is? Why we make and appreciate art? Why the arts are so valuable?The best way to go about describing their thoughts is to state one of the thinkers discoveries followed by a thorough investigation of the seconds, beginning with Leo Tolstoy. He begins his arg... ...correspondent real life events. "If the music does not evoke a real emotional response in a listener, according to this school of thought, this response should be considered inappropriate."No matter whose view you take they all have their faults. Making a theory on art is not the same as making a theory in science. With science you have guidelines that can be proven. There are very few guidelines in art that can be backed up by fact. The ideal of defining a theory in art is establish on emotions as well. Both Tolstoy and Collingwood are using their emotions in ord er to judge other emotions. If I were forced to pick a philosopher to side with, I would probably lean toward Collingwood, since he leaves more area for variety. He places more of the wealth of the emotional art within the artist themselves rather than a ternion party. If it were totally up to me I would leave the decision on whether a work is good or not between the artist and whomever was viewing it at that time. What I might think as a good piece of work and what might evoke emotions in me might not do the same for another who might consider themselves experts, but does that really make my opinion less valuable?

Mental Illness and POWs Essay -- Military

Any member of the Armed Forces who is held in captivity as a prisoner of war or as a hostage is more likely to be at a higher risk of mental illness like PTSD. This trust goes against everything that was thought to be known during WWI, it was noted time and time again that both English and German POWs were somehow immune to war neuroses and only liable(predicate) to the newly identified barbed wire disease which is the prisoners reaction to his environment during prison life. Interestingly though, up until this point in fib no real data or studies had been complied on the post release effects after captivity. The repatriation of POWs and the new rehabilitation programs were designed to aid Armed Forces portion members to re-adapt back into to service life or if their enlisted was up to re-adapt back in to their former civilian lives. Disorders found in POWs were often explained in terms of a prewar predisposition to mental illness. Recent studies and those even conducted on the original WWI and later studies of POWs have discovered a higher rate of PTSD among veterinarians. The former POW who escaped or was released by their captors is also a veteran of war, but also a veteran of experiences totally different from their typical veteran counterparts. The POWs battle was not only one of daily survival, but also never ending battle against psychological intimidation, physical suffering, boredom, degradation, feelings of vulnerability, and sometimes depression. Also some other noteworthy effect from being a POW was the hero recognition by the public and or Military community upon their honorable return from their beget followed by the attention they would received in the years following the return. The reintegration process back in to normal... ...and their families, not all of the wounds are physical and they are not left behind in the cells upon return stateside. The Men who returned home from WWII were welcomed and more importantly celebrated by the en tire nation as a whole, hitherto the efforts of those who returned home from Vietnam War did not reverberate as strongly within the country. The Vietnam POW was lightheartedly honored by our government, but the greater American populist struggled to differentiate their own personnel beliefs on their discontent with the war and unfairly placed the blame on those who had returned home after doing only what had been asked of them. The then President Nixon concisely spoke during his State of the Union speech saying along the lines that, they returned with honor and we can be proud of our courageous POWs for that they came home with their heads high, and not on their knees.

Mental Illness and POWs Essay -- Military

Any member of the Armed Forces who is held in captivity as a POW or as a hostage is more likely to be at a higher risk of mental affection like PTSD. This assumption goes against everything that was thought to be known during WWI, it was noned time and time again that both English and German POWs were somehow immune to fight neuroses and only susceptible to the newly identified barbed wire disease which is the prisoners reaction to his environment during prison life. Interestingly though, up until this decimal point in history no real data or studies had been complied on the post release effects after captivity. The repatriation of POWs and the new rehabilitation programs were designed to attend to Armed Forces Service members to re-adapt back into to service life or if their enlisted was up to re-adapt back in to their former civilian lives. Disorders found in POWs were often explained in terms of a prewar predisposition to mental illness. Recent studies and those even conducte d on the original WWI and later studies of POWs have discovered a higher ordain of PTSD among veterans. The former POW who escaped or was released by their captors is also a veteran of war, but also a veteran of experiences totally contrastive from their typical veteran counterparts. The POWs battle was not only one of daily survival, but also never ending battle against psychological intimidation, forcible suffering, boredom, degradation, feelings of vulnerability, and sometimes depression. Also another noteworthy effect from being a POW was the hero recognition by the public and or Military community upon their tidy return from their capture followed by the attention they would received in the years following the return. The reintegration process back in to normal... ...and their families, not all of the wounds are physical and they are not left behind in the cells upon return stateside. The Men who returned home from WWII were welcomed and more importantly celebrated by the entire nation as a whole, yet the efforts of those who returned home from Vietnam War did not reverberate as strongly within the country. The Vietnam POW was lightheartedly honored by our government, but the greater American populist struggled to separate their own personnel beliefs on their discontent with the war and unfairly placed the blame on those who had returned home after doing only what had been asked of them. The therefore President Nixon briefly spoke during his State of the Union speech saying along the lines that, they returned with honor and we can be proud of our courageous POWs for that they came home with their heads high, and not on their knees.

Complaint handling Essay

Fair Trading Factsheet cathexiss handlingNovember 2007Need more randomness?Call Consumer Affairs Victoriaon 1300 55 81 81.Quick tipSuccessful businesses work hard to keep their customerssatisfied. Although prevention is better than cure, it is around inevitable that at some stage you will receive a customer mission. Dont presume a customer complaint is a negativeexperience because, if handled well, it can be a valuablelearning tool.An effective complaintshandling system demand person in the company to razz it and take ultimateresponsibility.Benefits for your businessHow to do itAn effective complaints handlingsystem is essential to your business.Your business can benefit in severalways hide complaints effectively by improved product quality andservice delivery fewer mistakes and less time spentfixing them better understanding of customersneeds greater customer loyalty more customers through word ofm proscribedh advertising from satisfiedclients having a policy of welcomingcustomer complaints setting up a system to handlecomplaints effectively training your supply to handlecomplaints well dealing with the complaints youreceive immediately ensu shout the subroutine for makecomplaints is easy for yourcustomers regularly reviewing yourcomplaints record. less time and money spentattracting customers improved business reputation a healthier bottom line.Remember you could be pushingprofits out of the door if you do nothave an effective complaints handlingsystem.varlet 1 of 4 Copyright State of Victoria 2008www.consumer.vic.gov.au1300 55 81 81Fair Trading FactsheetQuick tipImplement a company policythat contact is to be madewith the customer within48 hours of the initialcomplaint.Set up a system to handlecomplaints effectivelyTrain your staff to handlecomplaints constructivelyAn effective complaints handlingsystem needs someone in thecompany to drive it and take ultimateresponsibility. This is a person whohas the best interest of both thecustomer and the company at heart,and the interpersonal and managerialskills to visualize the system isperforming well.Make sure all staff understand thecomplaints handling policy, whyit was introduced, how it will workand the benefits for your business.The complaints officer needsto ensure that there is adequate informationavailable to the public about howto calculate any problems with yourbusiness, especiallyat the point of sale front line staff are aware of the complaints handling policyEncourage and reward your staff fordealing with disgruntled customersand handling their complaints well.Deal with the complaintsyou receive immediatelyImplement a company policy thatcontact is to be made with thecustomer within 48 hours of the initialcomplaint. This will ensure that thecustomer knows the complaint isbeing processed. Although the progenymay not be resolved, the customerwill be aware that it is beingaddressed. their authority to settlecomplaints when and to whom theyneed to refer complaints there is a pr ocess to handle themore difficult and complex cases complaints are reviewed regularlyto identify any ongoing issues reports are made to seniormanagement about complaints.Page 2 of 4 Copyright State of Victoria 2008www.consumer.vic.gov.au1300 55 81 81Fair Trading FactsheetDate of Issue November 2007Ensure the process formaking complaints is easyfor your customersSome suggestions are Have a desk within your storewhere people can take theirenquiries or complaints. Arrange a dedicated surround linefor complaints or problems. Consider using a simple sign atyour point of sale, or a paragraphon company invoices, such asYour custom is important to us.If you are not satisfied, please letus know. Include a customer feedbackoption on your website. refresh your complaintsregularlyRegular reviews of complaints willgive you a good indication of howand where your business couldimprove. Use a standard form to record thedetails of complaints (see pursuancepage for example). Review complaints mont hlyor quarterly to establish whetherthere are any trends,or obvious things you couldchange or improve. Use complaint records to checkhow well and how quickly yourstaff handle complaints.More informationInformation on fair trading isavailable fromConsumer Affairs Victoria prim Consumer &Business Centre113 Exhibition StreetMelbourne 3000Telephone 1300 55 81 81Website www.consumer.vic.gov.auRegional OfficesConsumer Affairs Victoria also hasregional offices located in Ballarat,Bendigo, Geelong, Morwell,Mildura, Wangaratta andWarrnambool together with amobile outreach service thatregularly visits rural communities.To find details on the office ormobile service nearest you, ring1300 55 81 81 or go to theConsumer Affairs Victoria websiteon www.consumer.vic.gov.auand click on the Contact Us link.Because this publication avoids the use of court-ordered language, information about the law may have been summarised or expressed in general statements. This information should not be relied upon as a backing for professional legal advice or reference to the actual legislation.Authorised by the Victorian Government 121 Exhibition Street Melbourne Victoria 3000. F1-01-02Page 4 of 4 Copyright State of Victoria 2008www.consumer.vic.gov.au1300 55 81 81Customer Complaint Form1. Customer detailsTitle (Mr, Mrs, etc) Family name (surname)Given labelStreet addressSuburbHome telephone quashBusiness telephone numberPostcodeMobile telephone numberEmail address (if applicable)2. Details of other person or supplier involved in this complaint NameStreet addressSuburbHome telephone numberBusiness telephone numberPostcodeMobile telephone numberEmail address (if applicable)3. Details of goods or services supplied to the customerDate of barter for or service//Description of the goods or service including make, model, type of service, purchase method, etc.4. Details of what the customer complaint isOffice use onlyComplaint received byDate received/Action taken or requiredDate action complet ed//SignatureIn person/In writing

On Translation of English Proverbs Essay

AbstractProverbs, which derive from life are the condensation and anatomy of the language and culture of a nation. Proverb is a form of literature,its terseness and depth is the result of sand washing from rough sea and discarding the dross and selecting the essential in the course of language culture development. The precept has the bright characteristic of a nation. Beca spend of the differences of religious beliefs, habits and customs, fables and myth and culture and art, English proverbs and Chinese proverbs carry on the antithetical national cultural characteristics and information.In translation,these cultural elements are the main difficulties and they formthe influencing factor of the translation of English proverbs.This essay uses some typical examples to state 4 factors through analyzing, comparing and concluding from the point of geographical environment, customs, religious beliefs and historical culture. In order to present an adequate translation of a proverb, we can use four translation methods flexibly literal translation, free translation, substitution translation and literal translation combined with free translation.Key words English proverb influencing factor translation method ,

Test Cricket

play is a bat-and-ball game compete between two team ups of 11 players on a field at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch. Each team takes it in turn to bat, attempting to score runs, while the other team fields. Each turn is known as an innings. The bowler delivers the ball to the slogger who attempts to hit the ball with his bat far enough for him to run to the other send away of the pitch and score a run. Each batsman continues batting until he is out. The batting team continues batting until ten batsmen are out, at which point the teams throw off roles and the fielding team comes in to bat.In professional cricket the length of a game ranges from 20 oers of six bowling deliveries per side to examen cricket played over five days. The Laws of cricket are maintained by the International Cricket Council (ICC) and the Marylebone Cricket Club(MCC) with additional Standard Playing Conditions for Test matches and One Day Internationals. 1Cricket was start-off pla yed in southern England in the 16th century. By the end of the 18th century, it had developed into the national swash of England.The expansion of the British Empire conduct to cricket being played overseas and by the mid-19th century the counterbalance international matches were being held. The ICC, the games governing body, has 10 full members. 2The game is most public in Australasia, England, the Indian subcontinent, the West Indies and Southern Africa. History Main article History of cricketEarly cricket was at some time or another expound as a golf-club striking a ball (like) the ancient games of club-ball, stool-ball, trap-ball, stob-ball. 3 Cricket can definitely be traced back to Tudor times in early 16th-century England.Written evidence exists of a game known as creag being played by Prince Edward, the son of Edward I (Longshanks), at Newenden, Kent in 13014 and there has been speculation, exactly no evidence, that this was a form of cricket. A number of other words have been suggested as sources for the term cricket. In the earliest definite annex to the sport in 1598,5 it is called creckett. Given the strong medieval trade connections between south-east England and the County of Flanders when the latter belonged to the Duchy of Burgundy, the name may have been derived from the Middle Dutch6 krick(-e), message a stick(crook) or the Old English cricc or cryce meaning a crutch or staff. 7 In Old French, the word criquetseems to have meant a kind of club or stick. 8 InSamuel Johnsons Dictionary, he derived cricket from cryce, Saxon, a stick. 9 Another possible source is the Middle Dutch word krickstoel, meaning a long diminished stool used for kneeling in church and which resembled the long low wicket with twostumps used in early cricket.According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language in force(p) of Bonn University, cricket derives from the Middle Dutch phrase for hockey, met de (krik ket)sen (i. e. , with the stick chase). 11 Dr Gillmei ster believes that not only the name but the sport itself is of Flemish origin. 12The first English touring team on board ship atLiverpool in 1859The earliest definite reference to cricket being played in England (and hence anywhere) is in evidence given at a 1598 court case which mentions that creckett was played on common land inGuildford, Surrey, around 1550.The court in Guildford heard on Monday, 17 January 1597 (Julian date, liken to the year 1598 in the Gregorian calendar) from a 59 year-old coroner,John Derrick, who gave witness that when he was a scholar at the Free School at Guildford, fifty old age earlier, hee and diverse of his fellows did runne and play on the common land at creckett and other plaies. 1314 It is believed that it was originally a childrens game but references around 161014 signify that adults had started playing it and the earliest reference to inter-parish or village cricketoccurs soon afterwards.In 1624, a player calledJasper Vinall was killed when he was struck on the head during a match between two parish teams in Sussex. 15During the 17th century, numerous references indicate the growth of cricket in the south-east of England. By the end of the century, it had become an organised activity being played for high stakes and it is believed that the first professionals appeared in the years following the Restoration in 1660. A newspaper report survives of a great cricket match with eleven players a side that was played for high stakes in Sussex in 1697 and this is the earliest known reference to a cricket match of such importance.The game underwent major development in the 18th century and became the national sport of England. Betting played a major part in that development with rich patrons forming their own select XIs. Cricket was prominent in London as early as 1707 and large crowds flocked to matches on the Artillery Ground in Finsbury. The single wicket form of the sport attracted huge crowds and wagers to match. Bowling ev olved around 1760 when bowlers began to pitch the ball instead of rolling or skimming it towards the batsman.This caused a revolution in bat design because, to jalopy with the bouncing ball, it was necessary to introduce the modern straight bat in place of the old hockey stick shape. TheHambledon Club was founded in the 1760s and, for the next 20 years until the formation of MCC and the opening of Lords Old Ground in 1787, Hambledon was both the games greatest club and its focal point. MCC quickly became the sports premier club and the custodian of the Laws of Cricket.New Laws introduced in the latter part of the 18th century included the three stump wicket and leg before wicket (lbw). Don Bradman of Australia had a Test fair of 99. 94 and an overall first-class average of 95. 14, records unmatched by any other player. 16The 19th century saw underarm bowling replaced by first roundarm and then overarm bowling. Both developments were controversial. Organisation of the game at count y level led to the creation of the county clubs, starting with Sussex CCC in 1839, which ultimately formed the official County Championship in 1890.Meanwhile, the British Empire had been instrumental in spreading the game overseas and by the middle of the 19th century it had become hearty established in India, North America, the Caribbean, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In 1844, the first international cricket match took place between theUnited States and Canada (although neither has ever been ranked as a Test-playing nation). Sachin Tendulkar of Indiawas rated by Wisden Cricketers Almanack in 2002 as the second greatest Test batsman of all time, behind Don Bradman.In 1859, a team of England players went on the first overseas tour (to North America). The first Australian team to tour overseas was a team ofAboriginal stockmen who travelled to England in 1868 to play matches against county teams. 17 In 1862, an English team made the first tour of Australia and in 187677, an England team took part in the first-ever Test match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground against Australia. W. G. dress started his long career in 1865 his career is often said to have revolutionised the sport.The rivalry between England and Australia gave birth to The Ashes in 1882 and this has remained Test crickets most famous contestcitation needed. Test cricket began to expand in 188889 when South Africa played England. The last two decades before the First World War have been called the Golden years of cricket. It is a nostalgic name prompted by the collective sense of loss resulting from the war, but the period did produce some great players and memorable matches, particularly as organised competition at county and Test level developed.The inter-war years were dominated by one player Australias Don Bradman, statistically the greatest batsman of all time. It was the determination of the England team to overcome his skill that brought about the infamous Bodyline series in 193233 , particularly from the accurate short-pitched bowling of Harold Larwood. Test cricket proceed to expand during the 20th century with the addition of the West Indies, India, and New Zealand before the Second World War and then Pakistan, Sri Lanka, andBangladesh in the post-war period.However, South Africa was banned from international cricket from 1970 to 1992 because of its governments apartheidpolicy. Cricket entered a new era in 1963 when English counties introduced the limited overs variant. As it was sure to produce a result, limited overs cricket was salaried and the number of matches increased. The first Limited Overs International was played in 1971. The governing International Cricket Council(ICC) saw its potential and staged the first limited overs Cricket World Cup in 1975. In the 21st century, a new limited overs form, Twenty20, has made an immediate impact.

Finding the Leader in You Essay

A throng was held at the Saint Agnes Medical subject matter in Fresno on October 22, 2008 with an objective of teaching the audience how to find the leader in them. I should note that this compensatet was the most informative and enlightening conference that I take over ever attended. Stephanie Robinson, the first speaker of the conference, is the director of the Nursing Department of Fresno City College.Robinson began her lecture by providing some statistical data regarding many topics including how medication errors ar taking a toll on the hospitals financial resources in terms of lawsuits, recovery fees, and other expenses that are associated with those errors. Unfortunately, these errors ware caused hospitals to lose large amounts of money, and, in order for them to regain these losses, they started to take every measure necessary to reduce those costs and add it to their profit.The measures that Robinson described included effectual scheduling of the staff, preventive me asures for medical checkup errors, as well as a good, effective, and standardized patient charting. As a leader, it is the nurses responsibility to arrive at sure that they chart every procedure done to and information about the patient. This will protect them against any liability issue that may arise, and to help them have a better charting documentation at the same time.Another way of reducing medication problems is an idea that some of the nurse leaders have amaze up with, which include e-charting and medication dispensing machines with scanners and barcode technology. This would require nurses to double check their orders and the medications before giving it to the patients. All those statistical data that were presented demonstrated that all the errors committed were preventative, and they could dramatically be reduced if proper safety measures were taken. According to the speaker, education is the most important contributing factor to prevent these extra high costs.As she was saying, we are all living in a digital world where we have access to many resources, yet our busy schedules and everyday problems would not let us research or attend any meetings. Here, the speaker used a very interesting example indicating that we use places such as airports, shopping malls, and even gas stations to brook healthcare and other health related information to people, but we refuse to take some time and provide prefatorial education to our own people at their very own work places.As responsible leaders, it is their duty to provide constant education to their staff. They are withal required to observe the activities of their staff at all times. Again as the statistics show, the high number of preventable medical situations such as post good infections, medication errors, and other complications happens in hospitals settings, and unfortunately these make hospitals look very unsafely and defeats their prime purpose, which is to heal and provide medical care.We can use technology to provide education to our nurses, as well as to help them prevent these types of errors by developing better, more standardized, simple to use medical equipments, electronic order entranceway and charting, wireless and bar-coding systems, and other numerous ways. Again, she emphasized on the importance of having nurse leaders to provide constant, up-to-date education to help nurses and prevent future medical errors.The second speaker was Pilar De La Cruz-Reyes and she pretty much continued where the last speaker left off by saying that just exchangeable any other place, nurses scope of practice will be regulated by the hospital and the board of registered nurses. The board defines registered nurses role as giving helpless and independent care such as providing safety, comfort, personal hygiene and protection to help patients go through their daily activity. By doing this, we would be able to have any normal and abnormal findings and use our logic to question anyt hing that appears to be abnormal.After attending this conference and having the chance to hear what the speakers had to say, I learned that universe a nurse leader is a very important task in terms of providing the best care to patients, as well as the best education to the staff. I also learned that being a nurse automatically makes me a leader and this realization makes me feel obligated and responsible to everything that I do as a nurse. Lastly, I learned that being a patient advocate should always be my priority.

Foundations of Nursing Practice Essay

A reflection on how the staff content and associated practice experience has contributed to the students development as a make.This essay is a reasonion on how the faculty content and practice experience has contributed to personal development as a nurse. in that respectfore it will focus on firstly the concept of individualised fright and its relevance to nurse sound judgement and like delivery, secondly the ethical and sea captain issues that continue nursing such as confidentiality, take on and dignity. The essay will also focus on exploring the various chat models and the development of the therapeutic kindred among the nurse and the function exploiter, and finally the organisation and delivery of headache within the practice environment. With particular reference to a recent placement, at a palliative assistance nursing home, this essay will discuss Harriet, an 88 year old lady with chronic bronchitis and suffers with multiple sclerosis. For confidentiality p urposes the names of help exploiters buzz off been changed to comply with the care for and Midwifery Council, Code of Conduct (NMC 2008).This assignment will firstly discuss the individualised approach to nursing, which developed in the USA during the 1950s and 1960s, which coincided with the development of the nursing surmise and models of nursing which began to challenge the medical model of health care (Lloyd, Hancock, Campbell 2007). The nursing process can be carried out successfully by implementing a popular model utilize extensively in the UK originally by Roper et al Activities of Living model in which it is ground loosely upon the 12 activities of daily living however Henderson ac fellowships 14 activities that people engage in (Kozier, Erb 2008). This model identifies any deficit in their care unremarkably upon admission it is reviewed as the care plans of the service user evolve after which an intervention may be given to the service user. The nursing home that w as attended for placement had person centred care plans in which they based them on the 12 activities of daily living from sleeping, eating and drinking to mobility and communication these were short term care plans that were reviewed monthly.Another model that is frequently used descri strike out by Ellson (2008, pg22) is the breast feeding Process, when it was initially identified Yura and Walsh (1978)showed that it is a four stage cycle that begins with assessment. Harriet was assessed by the twist around as the registered nurse in charge (RGN) noticed a change in her health she had developed a wheeze when public lecture and had a chesty cough, the RGN suspected a chest infection. A care plan was then devised to follow up the assessment. Harriet was to be started on a course of antibiotics for a week, and was to be resumed on her nebuliser. The care was then implemented the quest day during the morning drugs round. An evaluation of that care completes the cycle in which Harri et was to be seen by the Doctor the following week after completing her course of antibiotics and was to remain on her nebuliser.Additionally, much than one stage can be occurring at the same time, for instance assessment may coincide with implementation (Carpenito-Mo to that degree 2007). If goals are achieved after the first cycle, care maybe terminated or in some racing shells modified and the service user reassessed. (Ellson 2008, pg22) This process is designed to enhance systematic care, drive communication amongst team members and encourage continuity (Mason 1999 cited in Habermann, Uys 2006).The RGN wrote in Harriets daily report and updated her care plans, identifying her change in medication and change in her health.Throughout nursing there are many a(prenominal) ethical and professional issues that impact on it from confidentiality, respond to respect and dignity, to clear and accurate records and working as part of a team. The Nursing and Midwifery Council Code of Con duct (NMC 2008) clearly states that nurses should ensure they gain consent (NMC 2008) from the service user this can be anything from examining, providing care and giving treatment. Consequently a nurse has to be prepared if a service user declines their admirer as they dupe a right to refuse treatment based on knowledge of the outcomes and risks (Wilkins and Williams 2008). Informed consent is a communication process amidst the provider and the service user this is now recognised as a professional standard of conduct (Westrick and Dempski 2009).However if there is a case where the service user does not have the mental capacity to give consent, they are protected by the Mental Capacity Act 2005 in which during the decision make process their rights and interests are accounted for (Griffith and Tengnah 2010). My first task at placement was to try and feed Harriet, I introduced myself alongside a health care assistant and asked if I was able to feed her lunch, I was refused, on th e grounds that I was a fresh face and that she did not know me so I let the health care assistant feed her. The following day after assisting the RGN with Harriets medication, she kindly said to me that she would let me feed her today if I was able to so at lunch time I went along with another health care assistant to feed her.Another important ethical issue is maintaining a persons dignity as Watson (1994) citing (Watson 2008) states that maintaining human dignity is a vital nursing duty and function, that necessitate to be recognised and respected in which people make to their aver care and well being (NMC Code 2008). This can be associated with many aspects of care such as bed bathing, stoma care, peg tube care as Westrick and Dempski (2009) go on to say that it is down to the service user to say what is to be done with his or her body. Fenton and Mitchell (2002) cited in Franklin, Ternestedt and Nordenfelt (2006) argue that elderly people receiving care regarding dignity is a state of physical, emotional comfort, subsequently when this is not endlessly adhered to it can leave the service user feeling embarrassment, shame, humiliation, foolishness and degradation (Mairis 1994 cited in Watson 2008).However nurses themselves can become emotional if the standard of care given is not sufficient this is supported by the olympian College of Nursing survey (2008) asking nurses for their views on dignity in care in which over 80% said they sometimes or always left work distressed due to not being able to deliver the quality of care they thought they should give (Gallagher, Tschudin 2010). When asked to give a bed bath to Harriet, I made sure that only when the area being cleaned was exposed thus covering up other private areas in case anybody was to enter her room. When Harriet was seen by the Doctor regarding her chest infection I treated the information sensitively and maintained confidentiality with all her health records.The presence of the therapeutic fa mily lies at the heart of patient centred nursing. However the nature of this one to one relationship is very dependent on the context in which nursing care is delivered (McCormack 2004 citing OConnell 2008). Therefore the building blocks for this relationship should focus on genuineness, empathy and respect, which should leave the service user feeling supported as well as listened to, whilst the nurse feels value in their role (Dossey, Keegan, American Holistic Nurses Association 2008) Whereas Bynum-Grant and TravisDinkins (2010) go on to say that whilst the therapeutic relationship is at the core of nursing it is the knowledge and skill along with the caring attitudes and behaviours applied that build the foundations of this relationship. I spent a lot of time with Harriet getting to know her, and building a relationship of trust with her, in order for me to attend her personal care postulate, give her medication orally under direct supervision.This assignment will now discuss th e effective communication skills throughout nursing that helps practitioners to engage with the service user, by making sure arrangements are met for peoples language and communication unavoidably (NMC Code 2008) Studies have shown that the relevant communication means given to an individual can improve well-being (Bell 1996, Happ 2001 cited in Batty 2009). Means of communication that have proved successful are non verbal techniques such as writing, drawing or by gesture, therefore communication aids have been made addressable such as providing a pen and paper, or alphabet charts (Batty 2009).Effective communication is seen as a fundamental competence required for registration as a nurse (Nursing and Midwifery Council 2004 cited in Timmins 2009) Timmins and Astin (2009) also goes onto explain that continuity of care supports high quality communication as it builds up the relationship between nurse and service user and is a main feature of patient centred care. Crouch and Meurier ( 2005) cited in Cox and Hill (2010) defines communication as a deuce way process in which information is transmitted and received.However listening to service users and their families is central to the communication process (Timmins and Astin 2009) Harriet could communicate easily, her hearing was slightly impaired therefore you had to speak loudly and clearly she was on eye drops as her sight was deteriorating and she was very well spoken and if I was to say something incorrectly she would be very quick to correct me. Harriet however was slightly confused and sometimes repeated things she had said a few moments ago, she also had imaginary friends she would refer to whilst talking to me.This essay will now explore the delivery of care in nursing which is very important as this can impact the service users experience. There are three ways in which care can be delivered this is by primary care, task allocation and team nursing. Primary nursing began in the 1970s as a way to overcome d issatisfaction with functional and team nursings emphasis on tasks that directed nurses attention away from holistic care of the client (Huber 2006).Walsh and Crumbie (2007) explain that primary care nursing involves one nurse being liable 24 hours a day for all care delivered to a patient. However Thomas (2006) identifies this is not always necessary as care can be delegated to other nurses or health care assistants yet the primary nurse carries responsibility for writing care plans and ensuring that long term goals are met. Skelton (2001) cited in Timmins and Astin (2009) suggest that this approach fosters autonomy and gets them involved with their care preferably than health professionals dictating their care to them. Within the nursing home the primary nursing approach to care was not suitable as there were too many service users for one nurse to focus all their attention to at one time.Many health care settings would deny using task oriented care however in reality it still g oes on and tends to induce apathy and reduce team morale. Task allocation on the other travel by may be the most suitable way of allocating the workload (Thomas 2006) especially during staff shortages or certain health care settings. Despite the nursing home having person centred care plans and making individualising the care needs, the nursing home still took on the task allocated approach as all the residents had breakfast by 8am and were rinse and dressed by 9am. However as Harriet was unable to feed and dress herself due to having multiple sclerosis she was often left until last to have these needs addressed as two health care assistants were required.Team nursing was developed in the early 1950s it was designed so that staff strengths can be used to the maximum and aids group productivity and growth of team members. By using this system nurses should still be able to provide individualised nursing care (Lloyd, Hancock and Campbell 2007) therefore nurses take on certain roles such as temperature, medication or a nurse for the right side of the ward (Kalisch and Kalisch 1978 Reverby 1987 cited in Huber 2006).Communication is therefore key for this model to be effective as the team leader unendingly evaluates and communicates changes of the patient to the team members (Zerwekh, Claborn 2006). It also allows the nurse to delegate patients to the strengths of the staff with what their care focuses on (Tiedeman and Lookinland 2004 cited in Zerwekh, Claborn 2006). Unfortunately the care given can become disordered and thus ineffective and productivity decreased among team members if there are staff shortages. Harriets care followed this approach, as she was bed bound the arjo hoist was the only way of transferring her from bed to chair this required two people, as did log rolling Harriet for her bed bath so she was cleaned effectively and appropriately.I feel the module content has contributed to my development as a nurse as it taught all the relevant inform ation needed for my first placement. I was able to see how the guess coincided with the practice which also contributed to my development as a nurse. For example I was able to see how the individualised care approach was introduced into the person centred care plans used within the nursing home. I was also able to see how the therapeutic relationship was built amongst the nurses in charge, the health care assistants and other members of the multidisciplinary team, they each had their own style of approaching the service user in regards to their attitudes, body language and behaviour, this I was able to pick up and use myself which made me handle situations better.The module content went into great depth and was given in a variety of learning styles which suited my learning pattern having come straight from school I feel the type of learning given has strengthened my ability to learn and the relevant theory made me feel more confident when attending placement. Having learnt the theo ry I was able to put some of this knowledgeable experience into practice, as having had no previous experience within health and social care I felt uneasy at first but as more faith and confidence was put into me via my mentor and other staff members, this helped me feel more involved and more comfortable with working within this environment giving me the confidence boost I needed. Throughout the placement I was guided throughout every task that I had to carry out, I was taught it first by mentor and then throughout the weeks I had to improve on what I had learnt, the registered nurses I shadowed were very supportive and approachable which helped me greatly.In conclusion this essay has discussed the concept of individualised care by incorporating the nursing process and models that evaluate the service users health and identifies the care needed and any deficits in their care. Nurses uphold a reputation in which the ethical and professional issues are the foundations of this. As exp lored throughout this essay it shows that confidentiality, consent and dignity are fundamental throughout nursing and need to be incorporated into the care provided by the nurses.Various models of communication have been identified throughout this essay its relevance shows how the nurse must interact with service user, this is very important as the service user needs to be able to express their concerns of their health either verbally or non verbally. The therapeutic relationship is at the epicentre of nursing as this can impact a service users experience within a health and social care setting. The essay has also explored the organisation and delivery of care needed to be most effective throughout nursing. Overall the essay has focused on various fundamental aspects of nursing that contribute to the way care is delivered to service users. adduce List* Batty S. (2009) Communication, Swallowing and Feeding in the Intensive negociate Unit Patient. Nursing in Critical administer. 14( 2,July/August). pp.175-177.* Bynum Grant D and Travis Dinkins M,M. (2010) Schaums Outline of psychiatric Nursing. Online. Available at http//books.google.co.uk/books?id=ru57ujcVO6sC&printsec=frontcover&dq=schaums+outline+of+psychiatric+nursing&hl=en&ei=XcZmTeb7HZSyhAfUkJy4DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CEUQ6wEwAAv=onepage&q=therapeutic%20relationship%20is%20at%20the%20core%20of%20nursing%20&f=false. (Accessed25 January 2011).* Carpenito-Moyet L. (2007) Understanding the Nursing Process Concept Mapping and Care Planning for Students. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams& Wilkins.* Cox C. and Hill M. (2010). Professional Issues in Primary Care Nursing. Oxford Blackwell Publishing.* Dossey B,M., Keegan L. and American Holistic Nurses Association. (2008). Holistic Nursing A Handbook for Practice. 5th edn. London Jones and Bartlett Publishers Limited.* Ellson R (2008) Assessment of Patients, in Richardson R. (ed.) Clinical Skills for Student Nurses. Devon Reflect Pre ss. pp. 22-25. * Franklin LL., Ternestedt B,M. and Nordenfelt L. (2006). Views on Dignity of Elderly Nursing Home Residents. Nursing Ethics An International Journal for Health Care Professionals. 13(2). pp131-134.* Gallagher A, Tschudin V (2010) Educating for Ethical Leadership Nurse direction Today, International Journal for Health Care Education. 30(3,April). pp.224-226.* Griffith R. and Tengnah C. (2010) Law and Professional Issues in Nursing. 2nd edn. Exeter Learning Matters Limited.* Habermann M. and Uys L,R. (2006) The Nursing Process A Global Concept. Edinburgh Churchill Livingstone* Huber D. (2006). Leadership and Nursing Care Management. 3rd ed. PhiladelphiaSaunders Elsevier.* Kozier B., Erb G., Berman A., Snyder S., Lake R. and Harvey S. (2008). Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process and Practice. Harlow, Essex Pearson Education Limited.* Lloyd H., Hancock H. and Campbell S. (2007). Principles of Care. Oxford Blackwell Publishing.* Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) The Code of Conduct. * OConnell E. (2008) Therapeutic Relationships in Critical Care Nursing A reflection on Practice. Nursing in Critical Care. 13(3). pp,138-143.* Thomas J. (2006). Survival Guide for Ward Managers, Sisters and Charge Nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 91-93. Online. Available at http//books.google.co.uk/books?id=pG-AzNFign4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0v=onepage&q=primary%20nurse%20carries%20responsibility%20for%20writing%20care%20plans%20&f=false. (Accessed 1 February 2011).* Timmins F. and Astin F. (2009) Patient Centred Care Reality or Rhetoric Nursing in Critical Care. 14(5,September/October). pp.219-221.* Walsh M. (ed). and Crumbie A. (ed). (2007). Watsons Clinical Nursing and Related Science. 7th edn. London Elsevier Health Sciences.* Watson J. (2008) Nursing The Philosophy and Science of Caring. Revised edn. Colorado University Press of Colorado.* Westrick S, J. and Dempski K. (2009). Essentials of Nursing Law and Ethics. London Jone s and Bartlett Publishers International.* Williams L. and Wilkins. (2008). Nursing Know How Charting Patient Care. pp.67-90. Online Available at http//books.google.co.uk/books?id=4e1hGOu7AusC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Nursing+Know+How%3B+Charting+Patient+Care.&hl=en&ei=DcVmTbP6EYKKhQed5amuDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CEQQ6wEwAAv=snippet&q=right%20to%20refuse%20treatment%20based%20on%20knowledge%20of%20the%20outcomes%20and%20the%20risks%20&f=false. (Accessed 25 January 2011).* Zerwekh J,G. and Claborn J,C. (2006) Nursing Today Transition and Trends. 5th ed. pp.342-346. Online Available at http//books.google.co.uk/books?id=Il41NcOI3c0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=nursing+today+transition+and+trends&hl=en&ei=rMRmTfLPCdCwhAeAnrSTDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6wEwAAv=onepage&q=team%20leader%20continuously%20evaluates%20and%20communicates%20changes%20of%20the%20patient%20&f=false. (Accessed 1 February 2011).Bibliography* Funnel R, Koutoukidis G, Lawerence K. (2008). Tabbners Nursing Care Theory and Practice. Online. Available at http//books.google.co.uk/books?id=iyGLjn0Md0sC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0v=onepage&q&f=false (Accessed 17 December 2010).* Davis C. (2009). Team Health and Safety. Nursing Standard. 24(2,September). pp.24-25.* Donnelly M. (2002). assent Bridging the Gap between the Doctor and Patient. Ireland Cork University Press.* Mayberry M and Mayberry J. (2003). Consent in Clinical Practice. Oxon Radcliffe Medical Press Limited.* Pembrey S,M. (1980). The Ward Sister Key to Nursing. London Royal College of Nursing.* Pilcher T. (ed). Collaboration and Teamwork in Critical Care. (2009). Nursing in Critical Care. 14(2). pp.45-46.* Radwin L,E and Alster K. (2002). Individualised Nursing Care An Empirically Generated Definition. International Council for Nurses International Review 49. pp.54-63.

Econet Wireless International and the African Telecommunications Industry Essay

Activities to be completed in this presentationCarry out a SWOT compendium for Econet Wireless International, identifying the key issues that Econet needs to address from the results of your outline. secure an industry analysis of the Afri foot Telecommunications market using Porters Five Force Model. Using a competitor analysis framework of your choice, study the Big Five mobile operators in the Afri flush toilet market Econet Wireless International is facing or faced challenges in a number of markets it entered. station these challenges and the sources of these challenges. What marketplaceing strategy options should Econet use at it tries to grow its operations (Justify your options) and what should it do to successfully implement these strategies?IntroductionThe selection of a growth strategy is at last determined by the companys strategic goals, core competencies and strategic assets as well as by its tar take a shit customers, collaborators and the overall economic, techn ological, socio cultural, regulatory and somatogenic context. An integrative approach of analysing these factors is essential for the development of a successful growth strategy.OverviewEconet Wireless International (hereafter to be referred to as EWI) is a Zimbabwean owned global telecommunications group. The result of Dr. Strive Masiyiwas vision, Econet began in mobile telephone service in July 1998, after forms of legal battles. Thus it began leading the change in the telecommunications terrain. Zimbabwe has issued only 3 mobiletelecommunication licenses to EWI, Orascom-owned Telecel and the government-owned NetOne.SWOT abbreviation for Econet Wireless InternationalAs a result of the internal and external analysis, our SWOT analysis is as followsStrengthsGrowth finished international expansion. As EWI expands onto 3 continents in 10 countries, they are competent to develop global footprint, thus increasing their peachy hindquarters and securing their company. Innovative product range. They continuously developed product range, they developed into becoming a full-service communications company offering mobile telephony, traditional landline telephony, Internet services, data streaming services, transactions systems and contract services for other operators. For guinea pig, in Zimbabwe alone, they have a number of viable product offerings, namely Buddie, Ecocash, EcoFarmer, EcocashSave, Econet Solar, Econet wideband and BusinessPartna Contract Lines.Their business model enabled them to offer calibre products at competitive prices. They collaborated in the form of consortium partnerships and also joint adventures. For example, it was able to penetrate markets such as Nigeria, Kenya, Botswana, New Zealand, Lesotho, Malawi and Burundian. Their joint venture was with Altech in South Africa. The benefit of this partnership firm was listed in the Johannesburg computer memory Exchange thus exposing them to a natural source of capital. Their mutually formed company, Newco, would have eventually taken over almost all of Econets companys, allowing EWI to backward intergrate with a supplier which in hurt of future growth, would enable them to develop an even wider product offering. This alliance would have been mutually beneficial, with Econet getting access to technology products, finance and administrative structures while Altech would get the opportunity to diversify riding on EWIs mobile nedeucerk.Multi-branding. EWI used its name in countries where it had a controlling stake such as in Nigeria, Lesotho, New Zealand, Malawi and Burundi. In countries where it was the minority shareholder, it operated under different names, namely Mascom ( Botswana), Gulfsat Maghreb SA ( Morocco). Their care structure was such that in each country, the operation was headed by a national, who knew the business climate in that country provided the financial aspect was headed by an expatriate from headoffice thus maintaining effective control and providing support. This back up business relations in those nations as the national heading the operation was able to negotiate deals from a knowledgeable point.WeaknessesLimited capital for operations, thus curtailing their growth, peculiarly in New Zealand and Nigeria as the case study says, the consortium partners resisted a higher stake in Econet, believing they did non have the financial sum and/ or resources to invest. In addition, Econet did not have enough money to finance the upgrading of its network and it came under government threat of having its licence revoked, thus they had to borrow $75 million Export-Import Bank. Also, in Kenya, their license was cancelled due to failure by the consortium to fully honour the license fee obligations in spite of appearance the given condemnation frame. They failed to provide a service recovery alternative for the suspended Buddie cards in 2002 in Nigeria. The implication here was that they created low switching costs for their reviewer base, boosting the sales of their competitor.Econet gave their competitors an edge over them in Nigeria, as evidenced by the out flow of their decisions to suspend Buddie cards and also, during their subsequent reintroduction. Both times, MTN gained from these moves. In reintroducing the cards, they were not able to support the resulting call volumes. They had not had the foresight to prepare for this possibility as a result of their reintroduction. electronic network quality problems resulting from failure to support capacity when the Buddie lines were reintroduced. It was a situation of demand outstripping supply.They had also not expected this outcome as a result of reintroducing the previously popular lines. Its hefty dependance on their Zimbabwean operations means they weakened their efforts at expansion due to the unfavourable economic climate. They had raised capital via the Zimbabwe Stock Market but could not use it externally due to stringent government controls on the basis of hard currency remittance limitations. Their failure to capitalise on the license in New Zealand meant a loss on their part.OpportunitiesTheir listing on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange gave them the opportunity to raise more capital. Acquisition of licenses in various countries through consortium partnerships meant they gained a foothold in countries such asNigeria, Kenya, Botswana, Morocco, New Zealand, Lesotho, Malawi and Burundi though from a minority position in the consortium. They were able to welcome licenses in various countries.Threatsfuddled government controls. Restrictions to remit its foreign currencies to finance its operations in other countries, e.g. in New Zealand bad competition, e.g. in New Zealand where the market was duopoly delaying their entry into that market. starting time switching costs. In most of their markets, subscribers are multi-networked. As subscribers used a number of networks to maximise on particular network availability and prom otions, EWI could not in depend totally on that these subscribers would be faithful.Key IssuesLimited capital for operations. They could list on the Stock Exchange to attract investors. They could offer rights issues to animated shareholders, thereby attracting new capital. Network challenges. They need to upgrade their systems. They need to ensure they have enough technological infrastructure, e.g. base stations, to be able to cater for network loads. Collaboration with suppliers. Government regulations and restrictions. They need to form relationships with the host governments. Decision making. Improve their decision approach at corporate level, e.g. their decision to limit the number of days subscribers had access to the network. From the above analysis, the following threats are of high importance and Econet would do well to take noticeStringent government controlsIntense competitionLow switching costsMergers and acquisitions present an attractive and profitable opportunity th us Econet should explore this avenue further.Industry analysis of the Big Five using Porters Five Forces model. Threat of new entrants High becauseThere are strong barriers to entry in damage of obtaining an operational license due to government restrictions, e.g. Zimbabwe, as shown in the case when Masiyiwa argued the case that the Telecel consortium should bedisqualified as they did not meet cranky specifications. Restrictive license fees in terms of costs of getting the license such as in Kenya when EWI had their license cancelled after only two months due to failure to meet their obligation in terms of the license fee. A lot of capital is needed to start the business. It is estimated that $14 billion on average is needed as investment in the mobile phone business.Bargaining power of buyers High becauseLow switching costs such as in Nigeria when Econet opted to suspend the sale of its prepaid Buddie cards for 6 months due to quality problems, resulting in them losing subscriber s. The buyers power is strong in Burundi because they have a commonwealth of 7 million people with only 4 mobile subscribers.Bargaining power of suppliers High becauseThe government controlled operator supplier, Nitel, had strong bargaining power, as evidenced by their holding back to supply Econet with transmission links for more than a year and Econet had no option but to wait. There were few suppliers.Industry rivals High becauseCustomer base grew rapidly between year 2000 and 2005Intense competition among role players in the mobile industry.Substitutes Low becauseLandlines brainstorm rates were low, for example, in Chad, the rate was on average one landline per 70 people while the mobile phone users expanded between year 2000 and 2005 from 15.6 million to 135 million. The overall rating is high because rivalry is high, threat of new entrants is high, bargaining power of suppliers is high and bargaining power of buyers is high.Competitor AnalysisCompetitorKey StrengthsKey W eaknessesPerceived StrategiesKey SegmentsMillicomFirst-mover positionMarket leader statusCost leadinghipMulti-brandedWide market coverage within South AmericaLess aggressive business approachEasy to attackLow revenues in the big fiveMass-marketingMulti-brandingCost leadershipLow population marketsInternational marketsMTCInnovatorHigh capital baseStrong market coverageMarket strength through acquisitionAn aggressive playerHigh rate of economic growthNarrow product rangeMulti-brandingFull market segmentationHigh population areasMTNMarket coverageMarket leaderStrong capital baseEconomies of scaleResource utilisationWide product rangeNo multi-brandingBlue oceanLeveraging existing businessGrowing new markets through acquisitionsResearch and developmentHigh population areasNiche, e.g. Middle EasternOrascomStrong capital base through aggregateMulti brandingCost leadershipWide product rangeMarket leaderMulti-brandingRemoved operations in AfricaMarket developmentHigh populationVodacomStron g revenue baseMarket leaderAdequate resources for expansionInvestment opportunitiesLeast internationalisedMarket growth limitationsTaking unnecessary risksJoint venture franchisingForward integrationDomesticInternationalTable 2CompanyCapital/ Revenue (in billions $)Market Coverage (number of countries)Mobile Subscriber Number (in millions)Millicom1.41613MTC32023MTN32132Orascom2.1941Vodacom3527From the analysis above, the market leaders are MTC, MTN and Orascom in terms of revenue. Millicom and Vodacom take the role of market challengers. In looking at mobile subscriber, Orascom and MTN are the market leaders followed by Vodacom, MTC and Millicom respectively. In terms of market coverage, MTN leads followed by MTC. Millicom is the market challenger. Orascom and Vodacom are nichers as they focus on specific markets.ChallengesLegislationGovernment controls in the form of price controls, debar establishment of private mobile networks Trading policiesLicense to operateGovernment regulat ions licensing boardIntense competitionDuopoly in New ZealandInfrastructure problemNetwork support escape of foreign currencyGovernment foreign currency regulations in ZimbabweChanges in exchange rateEconomical meltdown in ZimbabweLack of capitalDelay in listing on stock exchangePoor quality Buddie cards in NigeriaProduct development and testing was piteousMarketing Strategy OptionsAnsoff MatrixMarket penetration The organisation tries to grow its market share through sales of existing products to the present market, for example Econet Zimbabwe trying to grow its market share from 70% to 80%. They could achieve this through promotions such as offering discounted tariffs. This can be done through ensuring that they have got enough capital to support the reduction of cost on pricing. The company needs to develop budgets to steer ample resources towards promotion and advertising.Product exploitation Coming up with new or modified products, for example Ecocash has been modified to include an account, that is, EcocashSave. They need to invest in a Research and Development department, tasked to come up with more innovative products. They also to need to emphasize on Total Quality Management to avoid product recalls, for example, in Nigeria where the cards had quality problems.Market development The company seeks for and finds new markets in which to expand, for example they go into a totally new market such as penetrating Canada. They can do this through acquisition of licensing in that country.Before acquiring the license, they would need carry out market research to ensure that that market is attractive and can be profitable for them. They should also ensure that they have enough capital to successfully implement this marketing strategy. In addition, they need to have the right management and organisational structures.Blue oceanThe process of identifying an untapped market in an effort to run away from competition. For example, Econet came up with Econet Sol ar where they tapped into the solar provision market in an effort to ensure that their customers phones battery life did not affect their network accessibility. In these topsy-survy times where clients have become complicated, the only way to survive in business is through eliminating competition through investing in new technology and/ or Research and Development. As a result, they can realise oftentimes in terms of profit. We advise Econet to take the Ansoff matrix strategies because it covers the wide scope of marketing strates or options of growth.

Circus the Circus

Blue Ocean Strategy Institute BOS007 The Evolution of the carnival Industry (A) xOverall winner of the 2009 European Case Clearing abide Awards xWinnerofa2006EuropeanCaseClearingHouseAwardinthecategory Strategy and General Management 06/2009-4999 This case was prepared by Matt Williamson, INSEAD MBA 2000, under the supervision of Professors W. Chan Kim, Renee Mauborgne and Ben M. Bensaou, all at INSEAD. It is intended to be used as a basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation.Copyright 2002, INSEAD-EAC, Fontainebleau, France. To order copies of INSEAD cases, see detail on the back cover. Copies may not be made without permission. This document is authorized for use only by Janis Rozenbergs at Vidzeme University until August 2013. Copying or Blue Ocean Strategy Institute If you ask a kid to draw a fair, they draw a tent. Pam Miller, Big Apple Circus, New York. Indeed, the circus tent is a unique and evocative icon that has featured prominently in circuses for centuries.Relying heavily on a flamboyant entry into town, the big covering was their primary tool to attract audiences to the spectacle taking place inside. Nevertheless, while the symbolism of the tent is important in the contemporary interpretation of circus, most early shows, curiously the European precursors of what would be recognized today as circus, took place in theatres and dedicated buildings. The Origins of the Circus The circus was created in 1768 by Philip Astley, an Englishman who set up a ring format for equestrian events, still in use today.Classical circus is considered to consist of four elements, whether inside a tent or a bad arena equestrian acts, clowns, acrobats and jugglers. The word circus originally denoted a competitive arena for horses, with the Roman Circus Maximus the most imposing classical example. 1 The account space is perfectly suited to a galloping act, and largely unnecessary for any other form. 2 The centrifugal force generated by a horse galloping about a small diameter ring enabled the equestrians in the show to stand on horseback and perform other similar tricks.Juggling, tumbling and trained physical events had been popular through the ages, but by adding a clown to the mix to parody the other events and add some humor, Astley transformed these separate acts into a existing show. 3 Astleys innovation spread quickly throughout Europe and showed up in America in substantially the same form in the summer of 1785. Building on the basic equestrian component, legends such as P. T. Barnum and lesser-known players like W. W. Cole and George Bailey sponsored elaborate acts from trained zebras to trapeze artists.Around the core circus, promoters grafted sideshows such as menageries, homo and animal curiosities, and carnival games to enhance the spectacle of their shows. Barnum, perhaps the most celebrated huckster of modern times, was so successful that many of his efforts have entered the modern lexicon. He marched giant the Elephant across the newly dedicated Brooklyn Bridge and proclaimed General Tom Thumb, a midget from Connecticut, the smallest human ever to have lived. The Development of the Traditional CircusThough an extremely popular form of entertainment during the 19th and 20th century, the circus conjures an image of drifters and dreamers with gaudy clothes, aggressive hawkers and a standard routine of acts. Whereas whole towns had once cancelled out to see historical revues and the latest mechanical marvels along with other events as the circus passed through town, 1 Personal communication from Fred Dahlinger Jr. , Director, Collections and Research, Circus World Museum, May 9, 2001. Authors interview with Dominique Jando, Associate Artistic Director, Big Apple Circus, May 8, 2001. 3 John Culhane, The American Circus (New York, ground forces Henry Holt and Company, 1990), p. 1. CopTyhriisgdhot cum20e0nt2isINaSuEthAoDriz -eEdAfCor use only by Janis Rozenbe1rgs at Vidzeme University until August 2013. 0C6o/2p0yi0n9g-o4r999 pic pic pic pic posting is an infringement of copyright. emailprotected harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860.

The Outsiders- Dally

D in every last(predicate)as fall behind Winston Social encampment Greasers Age 17 Status Deceased * Reason- Provoked police to shoot him because he got a heater out. Abilities/ Strengths Street smart, knows how to use a variety of different weapons like guns, blades, etc. Natural born loss leader Strong personality excellent fighter stereotypical bad boy. Tougher, colder and meaner than rest of the greasers. His parents were very offensive of him Criminal Past The real character of the gang, Dally was arrested his first time at the age of ten.He washed-out three years on the wild side of New York and likes to blow off steam in gang fights. He is the most dangerous member of the bunch, but he is still a carve up of their greaser family. Enjoys breaking laws. Known for robbing a lot of stores. Personality Traits Dallas Winston is seen to be cruel, hardened, and usually lacking forethought for others. All of these observations are absolutely true. He is also rude, unrefined, a ngry, and typically selfish. He often finds amusement at the expense of others, and is hideously impolite to most everyone, especially girls that he doesnt know.Typically, he finds himself quite indifferent with the opinions of others. Dally has no respect for anyone, especially adults and officials of the law. High school Dropout. Gets angry easily and is mentally unstable. He merely ever lets any emotion other than anger show. Events After the greyback Cade killing a soc incident, it was aware that Dallas Winston helped chiggerboy Curtis and Johnny escape and send them to an abandoned church. He also gave them a gun and some(prenominal) coin for buying groceries. This also adds up to Dallas crimes by hiding a criminal.Also known to be bugging to so girls ahead that night. He helped the other two kids on saving the children from the mysterious church fire and injured his leg badly he was in a good condition compared with his buddy, Johnny. He later escaped the hospital by threatening a nurse with a very large blade in parade to join a rumble. After watching Johnny Cades tragic death, it was learned that he went bonkers and robbed another store. This prompted the police to arrive, and after witnessing the large gun that he had, he was shot down by the police. After examining the raits of Dallas Winston, we are pretty sure that Sabrina pass on make him less tough, mean and cruel with others. Sabrina will respect the law no matter what and will help others to respect it too. Even though Sabrina may not be that street smart, she is very book smart and may also teach Dallas some skills and manners. View on him after death After reading Ponyboy Curtis award receiving English assignment, (which happened after all of this happened) we can now see that Dally was more than just a criminal. Dally was a interpret poor soul like many other gang members during the time.It wasnt his fault that he was tough, the experiences that happened in his life made him th at way. I am pretty sure that he wouldnt like anyone else to be like that. We also learn that Dallas felt very protective of a fellow, deceased greaser, Johnny Cade. Johnny also admired Dallas a lot, and viewed him as a hero. Some people think that Johnny was all that mattered to Dally. In fact, Johnnys life issovaluable to him that he doesnt think he can live without Johnny. Pony deals with his grief over Johnnys death by pretending Johnny isnt dead, but Dally snaps goes on an full-scale suicide mission.

Controversial Issue in the It Field Essay

The problem is that people dont re wholey know or think there is a difference between network executive and system administrator. Just beca usage they get administrator in the name does not mean they do the analogous thing. When u go to school u have to pick nonpareil or the other because one degree is not going to get u a job in both fields. internet AdministratorA member of a staff or group of a staff who have the responsibility for the smooth functioning of a large network. They carry out a number of functions specify and enforcing security policies, specifying routing policies, accounting for system resources on the network and ensuring that they are efficiently used, responding to hardware and systems errors, and administering any connections to remote networks such as the Internet. Sometimes the termSystem Administrator is used to describe a network administrator although this whitethorn be roundone who administers a small network where many of the network functions tend to be trivial. Skills postulate to become a systems administratorThe subject matter of systems administration includes information processing system systems and the representations people use them in an organization. This entails knowledge of operating systems and applications, as well as hardware and software troubleshooting, but also knowledge of the purposes for which people in the organization use the computers. However, perhaps the most important skill to a system administrator is problem solving frequently under various sorts of constraints and stress. The sysadmin is on call when a computer system goes down or malfunctions, and must be able to quickly and correctly refer what is wrong and how best to fix it. System administrators are not software engineers or developers. It is not usually within their duties to design or write new applications software. However, sysadmins must understand the behavior of software in order to deploy it and to troubleshoot problems, and g enerally know several programming languages used for scripting or automation of human activity tasks.Particularly when dealing with Internet-facing or business-critical systems, a sysadmin must have a strong grasp of computer security. This includes not merely deploying software patches, but also preventing break-ins and other security problems with preventive measures. In whatsoever organizations, computer security administration is a separate role responsible for overall security and the attention of firewalls and intrusion detection systems, but all sysadmins are generally responsible for the security of the systems in their carry through Analyzing systems logs and identifying potential issues with computer systems. Introducing and integrating new technologies into existing data centers environments. Performing routine audits of systems and software.Performing rhythmic backups of computers and servers. Applying the operating system updates, patches, and figure changes. Inst alling and configuring new hardware and software. Adding, removing, or updating user accounts information, resetting user Passwords, etc.Answering technical queries.Responsibility for security of the information traveling on the netwoek. Responsibility for documenting the configuration of the system. Troubleshooting any reported problems.System performance evaluations.Ensuring that the network infrastructure is up and running. In larger organizations, some tasks listed above may be divided among different system administrators or members of different organizational groups. For example, a dedicated individual(s) may apply all system upgrades, a Quality Assurance (QA) team may perform testing and validation, and one or more technical writers may be responsible for all technical documentation written for a company. In smaller organizations, IT/computing specialties are less often discerned in detail, and the term system administrator is used in a rather generic way they are the peop le who know how the computer systems work and can respond when something fails.

Malaria Issue Report

The issue I am going to be talking about in my write up is about how to prevent the transmission of malaria around the world.Malaria is a mosquito-borne, climate sensitive disease be allowd by the parasite Plasmodium.1 Malaria is ca theatrical roled by one of four species of the protoctist Plasmodium2. The Plasmodium parasites multiply in rubicund communication channel cells this drop ca spend symptoms such as fever and headache, but in severe cases the disease notify lead to death. transmissionMalaria is transmitted through the bite of an infected young-bearing(prenominal) (Anopheles) mosquito although it can be transmitted through contact lens of infected blood but this is very uncommon.3 The cycle of malaria is an Anopheles mosquito bites an infected person a clarified amount of infected blood is injectn. The plasmodium parasite grows and matures in the mosquitos gut for approximately a hebdomad in advance it indeed travels to the mosquitos salivary glands. When the mosquito next bites more or lessone, these parasites mix with the saliva, be then injected with the bite, and the transmission of malaria is complete.4Cycle in the BodyOnce in the blood, the parasites travel to the liver and enter liver cells, to grow and multiply. aft(prenominal) some while, the parasites leave the liver cells and enter red blood cells. In the red blood cells the malaria parasites continues to grow and multiply. After they mature, the infected red blood cells rupture, freeing the parasites to attack and enter other red blood cells.5SymptomsToxins released when the red cells burst, these are what cause the common symptoms of malaria, these are1. Fever2. Chills3. Flu like symptomsStatisticsAccording to the World health Organisation (WHO) malaria report 2011, there were 216 million cases of malaria and an estimated 655,000 deaths in 2010. Malaria mortality rates hurt fallen by more than 25% globally since 2000. Most deaths occur amongst children living in Afri ca where a child dies all minute of malaria and the disease accounts for approximately 22% of all childhood deaths.6Malaria is a disease that sole(prenominal) occurs in certain climates, due to the fact that malaria is passed on through mosquito bites so only certain countries and regions have the conditions that mosquitos can survive in are affected by the disease this includes sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin the States as shown in the picture below7This picture shows that malaria affects countries mainly in the Southern Hemisphere, especially South America (but north of Argentina) Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia.Malaria has been on the rise since the 1970s and constitutes a serious risk to health in many tropical countries.8The Problem with malaria is that it mainly affects hatful who live in LEDCs (Less Economically create Countries) the problem with this is that they cannot afford to get the healthcare to treat the disease unlike with MEDCs (More Economically Develop ed Countries) where they foundert get diseases of this kind commonly but are able to afford the healthcare.Malaria also causes a number of deaths and illnesses every year, especially in countries which suffer from a lot of poverty. This means that if parents catch the diseases then their children will be orphaned and left to fend for themselves.Solutions to the ProblemThere are some(prenominal) method actings of treating malaria and these are some of the best methods to protect us from the diseaseNetsA mosquito net protects against mosquitos, flies, and other airborne insects. Mosquito nets are the first line of defence against the deadly bite of mosquitos. The fine, see-through mesh stops insects from biting or touch on the person using the net. The mesh is fine enough to stop these insects entering the sleeping sports stadium of the person. Research has found that the latest Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) save lives they have been proven to cut malaria cases in childre n by half as well as reducing child deaths by 20%9. The use of these nets can also help protect other people sleeping nearby who are not sleeping under a net. Its estimated that when 80% of people sleep under a net, the whole community is protected.10Although it is vital that the people using the mosquito nets regularly check the nets for any holes big enough for insects to get through. Scientists in Senegal have been researching the success rate of mosquito nets after six million nets were distributed over five years. at bottom three weeks of the nets being introduced, the scientists found that the number of malaria attacks had started to fall it had fell by 13 times since before the nets had come in. The researchers also collected specimens of Anopheles gambiae, which is the type of mosquito species responsible for transmitting malaria to humans in Africa. amongst 2007 and 2010 the proportion of the insects with a genetic resistance rose from 8% to 48%.By 2010 the proportion of mosquitoes repellant to Deltamethrin was 37%.11TestingMalaria parasites in the blood can best be detected under a microscope, but, when this is not available malaria cases can also be quickly and accurately identified using a Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT). RDTs are disposable blood testing kits which can be use anywhere and provide a quick result, they measure the amount of plasmodium in the blood thus showing if you have malaria or not. RDTs mean that a potentially life-saving diagnosis of malaria, which usually could only be possible in hospitals, can now be made available anywhere.12 The reliability of RDTs is a roaring diagnostic reading of 80% or in other words 4 out of 5 people tested for malaria get a correct result hazard.13Implications of the solutions to the problemThere are a number of solutions to malaria, although they do have economic and environmental implications. The solutions includeNetsThe economic problem with nets is that malaria is mainly affecting LEDCs therefore people are unable to afford the cost of buying drugs nets as they can be expensive.Environmental issues with mosquito nets are that mosquitos are possibly starting to get immune to the chemical Deltamethrin which is used in the bed nets this means that they are no longer being useful by stopping the female mosquito from biting and killing harmless insects instead. The social implications of using nets are that nets prevent people being bitten by malaria carrying mosquitos, this means that less access to health services are needed therefore less time is lost from work because of malaria.MedicinesArtemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs) are therapies made by combining an extract of the Artemisia plant and another(prenominal) medicine. They are the most effective and advance treatments for malaria, and are strongly pep uped for the treatment of malaria in Africa.14 The implication to this method is that they are highly expensive to produce and take around 15 years to r esearch and develop. And comprehend as malaria mainly affects LEDCs it wouldnt be much use to them, as they will not be able to afford to buy them. Also the problem with using drugs is that a lot of testing takes mall on animals which have ethical implications along with it.Benefits/Risks of solutions to the ProblemMedicinesIn the table below there is a list of advantages and disadvantages for using different medicines for treating malariaChemoprophylaxis drugPresentationAdvantagesDisadvantagesProguanilPaludrine tablets1. Low cost2. Well tolerated3. Suitable for heavy(predicate) or breastfeeding women1. Increasing resistance of P. falciparum to chloroquine2. Large number of tablets required if taken in combinationChloroquineNivaquine syrupAvloclor tablets1.MefloquineLariam tablets1. Weekly dose2. Effective for most areas of the world3. Can be used in the last 2 trimesters of pregnancy1. Needs to be commenced 2 to 3 weeks prior to sack2. whitethorn cause neuro-psychiatric advers e eventsDoxycyclineCapsule1. Low cost2. Generally well tolerated3. Can be commenced close to departure date1. May cause photosensitivity2. May cause vaginal yeast infections in women3. Unsuitable for children under 12 yearsAtovaquone/proguanilMalarone tablets1. Well tolerated2. Can be commenced close to departure date3. Short course1. Expensive15According to the table above the advantages outweigh the disadvantages in the five different medicines, although with Doxycycline the advantages and disadvantages are in the same proportion. This would suggest that Doxycycline may not as effective anti-malarial medicine as some of the others.TestingAnother solution to the problem could be to use malaria testing kits such as the Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDT). The benefit of this is that it can create a diagnosis in fraction of the time that a standard test takes. This means that people who have malaria can be treated a lot quicker than they usually could be by the standard method, which involv es smell at a blood sample under a microscope to detect plasmodium. An issue with RDTs is that they can be expensive for people living in LEDCs as they can range from $1.20 $13.50 per test.16The risks of RDT is that, although it is a quick test, it is not always effective at identify the plasmodium in the blood. The danger is that you may get inaccurate result, leading to you being quite unaware of having the disease, therefore getting the treatment early(a) enough to take effect.Alternative Solutions to the ProblemQuinineAnother solution to the problem which was used up until the 1930s as the only cure for malaria is quinine. It is found in the Andes Mountain range of Peru and Ecuador17. The medicinal properties to quinine has been around since the 17th century, but back then people used to chew the bark off of the cinchona tree as it was believed to be a useful treatment for malaria. Although people didnt have medicinal knowledge, due to the positive result, they thinking it w as an effective method of malaria treatment. The active ingredient is quinine which is found in the cinchona tree. Quinine works by overweight the bodys core temperature, thereby killing the plasmodium parasites that cause malaria in the red blood cells. Quinine can also be found in tonic water some doctors/ GPs may recommend drinking tonic water when going to a high risk country.VaccineA vaccination involves injecting a small harmless amount of infection into you. Finding a vaccine to protect people from malaria would be the best possible defence18. Around the world scientists are working on this important research.19 However, malaria parasite, plasmodium has proven to be adapting to the different cures and vaccines that scientists have been creating. This means that they change their characteristics as antibodies are developed. This adaptability has made purpose a vaccine especially challenging.20Currently there is no vaccine, but there are several being developed. Several pote ntial malaria vaccines are already being tested in clinical trials although no vaccine has been licensed for use.21 It will be a long wait before a vaccine is available to prevent the spread of malaria.22 Dr Sandy Douglas (Welcome Trust Clinical Research Training) at the University of Oxford said We have found a way of making antibodies that kill all different strains of malaria parasites. This is still in an early research phase the next step is to do clinical trials in people.23

Critically evaluate McGregor’s Theroy X and Theory Y Essay

Critic onlyy evaluate McGregors Theory X and Theory Y. How far is it relevant to commission and employee motivation in contemporary Chinese organizations? In the modern corporation environment, employees motivation plays a pivotal role, thus they should be recognised as a significant part of corporations financial assets. thither atomic number 18 several clear-cut viewpoints of approaches to managerial strategies about motivating employees, one of which is McGregors Theory X and Theory Y. It proposes that providing an supreme environment satisfying employees higher needs is more preferable than simply arrogant them by rewards and punishment.This essay will firstly evaluate McGregors surmise. Although influential value of this hypothesis in organization history might be approved, thither are two primary issues, invalidity and glib recognition, which criticisms revolve around. Subsequently, this essay will discuss the extent of this surmisals application in Chinese organizati ons. Although McGregors theory whitethorn be employed in few corporations, this theory is generally non applicable in well-nigh contemporary Chinese organizations.Many theorists support that McGregors theory considers the battleground of heed from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as Theory X, the advocated Theory Y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such(prenominal) as self-fulfilling prophecy and responsibility. According to Carson (2005), about of those concepts had been interpreted before however, McGregors theory combined those concepts emerging from separate theories.Based on these compiled conceptions, this theory takes higher-order needs into consideration, which innovatively introduces a profound work value that management should non only involve controlling and monitoring. Moreover, the inclination to responsibility of employees contributes to participative atmospher es in working environment. Lerner (2011) claims that McGregors theory can prepare employees skills to tackle complicated tasks due to their sense of responsibility, in parallel with improving the potency of an individual.Therefore, this theory, revealing an initial pattern of management strategy, dramatically influences the applied field of organization development. In hostility of the influence and originality of McGregors theory, there is a primary drawback of the validity, which is regarding the presumptuousness of human nature in this theory.This theory is primarily based on an analysis ofhuman nature. McGregor (2000) has pointed out that theory X management assumes that spate generally are not responsible for work in contrast to theory Y presumptuous that people are invariably self-controlled. However, the theory X assumption is exaggeratedly negative while the theory Y assumption is overly optimistic. According to Bobic and Davis (2003), there is no evidence that systemati cally certifies the existence of individuals original attitudes towards work. Similarly, Francesco and Gold (2005) argued that human nature is not viewed purely positive or negative in all the cultures, drawing on Hofstedes theory.Furthermore, different employees may have somewhat different characteristics however, McGregor blended those civilise human natures into two simplistic models to introduce a quite deficient theory. Therefore, the theory seems to be invalid due to this relatively unrealistic and wretched analysis. In addition to the invalid assumption of McGregors theory, there is another drawback concerning superficial recognition of autonomous environment and ascendence which are primary principles of Theory Y and Theory X reputeively. McGregor (2000) state that autonomous environment can be acquired by opportunities for self-actualization.Nonetheless, Head (2011) has argued that incentives involving self-actualization are barely effective. Likewise, Bobic and Davis (2003) state that self-actualization is not a pragmatic motivational factor due to the rare prospect provided by corporations in reality. Although some approaches such as job enrichment can be implemented, managers may not be totally competent to direct this management, which reveals that McGregors theory may overestimate the effectiveness of autonomous environment.Conversely, the model of authority representing Theory X may be a more frequently select management tool, which is the contrary to what is portrayed in the theory. Head (2011) pointed out authority rather than bureaucracy may offer legitimate power and guarantee development of corporations towards certain direction. In fact, offering appropriate advocate to subordinates and essentially avoiding overly vigorous control stand a significant position in nearly companies. Consequently, McGregors proposal that autonomous environment should be concentrated on while authority is rare may require reconsideration because of th e superficial recognition. Motivational strategies have been considered as an essential concentration for corporations.With respect to the application ofMcGregors theory in China, minimal successful instances may be seen in some extremely large conglomerates. Those conglomerates such as Shanghais corporations hire numerous workers, contributing to contender and pressure therefore, employees in these organizations may emphasize higher-order needs because of this particular work circumstance, in accordance with the assumption of McGregors theory. Chan and Wyatt (2007) demonstrate that employees in Shanghais corporations can be significantly motivated by the satisfaction of self-esteem that is also emphasized in McGregors theory.Hence, it seems that this theory can reflect its feasibleness in few large Chinese organizations. However, generally, McGregors theory reflects low practicability in most contemporary Chinese corporations. According to Alas (2005), most Chinese respondents are more likely to be encouraged by lower needs satisfaction such as incomes, whereas the dominant principle of McGregors theory is strategies satisfying higher needs. Therefore, Chinese employees concentration on lower needs makes it difficult for them to be motivated by McGregors theory.Moreover, Dessler (2006) argued that employee empowerment, one of the principles of McGregors theory, is excluded from Chinese corporations. Furthermore, McGregors theory is incompatible with the comparatively ingrained Confucian value system in Chinese culture. According to Geren (2011), an abandoned principle in the theory is obedience for authority which is the essence of Confucian value system. Chinese employees largely cultivated in the atmosphere of Confucian value may be uncomfortable with the management of McGregors theory. Emphasis on lower needs and the cultural of Confucian value system are both opposite to McGregors theory.Therefore, this theory is not applicable in most contemporary Chine se organizations. As a whole, McGregors theory may animate original spirit of motivation management nevertheless, its invalidity is directly resulted from inadequate and unrealistic assumption of human nature. Additionally, excessively focusing on autonomous environment and ignoring efficiency of authority may indicate the superficial recognition in this theory. These two drawbacks can account for ineffective arrangement. As motivation management develops globally, in China, in spite of efficient application in few conglomerates, McGregors theory is not compatible with most Chinese organizations because general Chinese condition is the obstacle to successfully adopting this theory.There is no universal theory hence, in order to improve the effectiveness of management, organizations should utilize distinct management principles flexibly in specific working circumstance.Word account 1079Reference ListAlas, R. (2008) Attitudes and set in Chinese manufacturing companies a comparison wi th Japanese, South Korean and Hong Kong companies. Chinese trouble Studies. Vol. 2(1), pp.32-51 (PDF available)Bobic, M.P. & Davis, W.E. (2003) A signifier Word for Theory X Or Why So Many Newfangled wariness Techniques cursorily Fail. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory. Vol. 13(3), pp.239-264 (PDF available)Carson, C.M. (2005) A historical view of Douglas McGregors Theory Y. Management Decision. Vol. 43(3), pp.450-460 (PDF available)Chan, K.W. & Wyatt, T.A. (2007) Quality of Work Life A Study of Employees in Shanghai, China. Asia Pacific Business Review. Vol. 13(4), pp.501-517 (PDF available)Dessler, G. (2006) Expanding into China? What hostile employers should know about human resource management in China today. SAM Advanced Management Journal. Vol.71(4), pp.11-24 (PDF available)Francesco, A.M. & Gold, B.A. (2005) International Organizational Behavior. 2nd ed. NJ, USA Pearson Education (PDF available of relevant chapter)Geren, B. (2011) Motivation Chinese su pposititious Perspectives. Journal of Behavioural Studies in Business. Vol.3, pp.1-10 (PDF available)Head, T.C. (2011) Douglas McGregors legacy lessons learned, lessons lost. Journal of Management History. Vol. 17(2), pp.202-216 (PDF available)Lerner, A. (2011) McGregors legacy thoughts on what he left, what transpired, and what remains to pursue. Journal of Management History. Vol. 17(2), pp.217 237 (PDF available)McGregor, D. (2000) The Human Side of Enterprise. Reflections The Society for Organizational Learning Journal. Vol. 2(1), pp.6-15. (PDF available)