Mental Illness and POWs Essay -- Military

Any member of the Armed Forces who is held in captivity as a POW or as a hostage is more likely to be at a higher risk of mental affection like PTSD. This assumption goes against everything that was thought to be known during WWI, it was noned time and time again that both English and German POWs were somehow immune to fight neuroses and only susceptible to the newly identified barbed wire disease which is the prisoners reaction to his environment during prison life. Interestingly though, up until this decimal point in history no real data or studies had been complied on the post release effects after captivity. The repatriation of POWs and the new rehabilitation programs were designed to attend to Armed Forces Service members to re-adapt back into to service life or if their enlisted was up to re-adapt back in to their former civilian lives. Disorders found in POWs were often explained in terms of a prewar predisposition to mental illness. Recent studies and those even conducte d on the original WWI and later studies of POWs have discovered a higher ordain of PTSD among veterans. The former POW who escaped or was released by their captors is also a veteran of war, but also a veteran of experiences totally contrastive from their typical veteran counterparts. The POWs battle was not only one of daily survival, but also never ending battle against psychological intimidation, forcible suffering, boredom, degradation, feelings of vulnerability, and sometimes depression. Also another noteworthy effect from being a POW was the hero recognition by the public and or Military community upon their tidy return from their capture followed by the attention they would received in the years following the return. The reintegration process back in to normal... ...and their families, not all of the wounds are physical and they are not left behind in the cells upon return stateside. The Men who returned home from WWII were welcomed and more importantly celebrated by the entire nation as a whole, yet the efforts of those who returned home from Vietnam War did not reverberate as strongly within the country. The Vietnam POW was lightheartedly honored by our government, but the greater American populist struggled to separate their own personnel beliefs on their discontent with the war and unfairly placed the blame on those who had returned home after doing only what had been asked of them. The therefore President Nixon briefly spoke during his State of the Union speech saying along the lines that, they returned with honor and we can be proud of our courageous POWs for that they came home with their heads high, and not on their knees.

Complaint handling Essay

Fair Trading Factsheet cathexiss handlingNovember 2007Need more randomness?Call Consumer Affairs Victoriaon 1300 55 81 81.Quick tipSuccessful businesses work hard to keep their customerssatisfied. Although prevention is better than cure, it is around inevitable that at some stage you will receive a customer mission. Dont presume a customer complaint is a negativeexperience because, if handled well, it can be a valuablelearning tool.An effective complaintshandling system demand person in the company to razz it and take ultimateresponsibility.Benefits for your businessHow to do itAn effective complaints handlingsystem is essential to your business.Your business can benefit in severalways hide complaints effectively by improved product quality andservice delivery fewer mistakes and less time spentfixing them better understanding of customersneeds greater customer loyalty more customers through word ofm proscribedh advertising from satisfiedclients having a policy of welcomingcustomer complaints setting up a system to handlecomplaints effectively training your supply to handlecomplaints well dealing with the complaints youreceive immediately ensu shout the subroutine for makecomplaints is easy for yourcustomers regularly reviewing yourcomplaints record. less time and money spentattracting customers improved business reputation a healthier bottom line.Remember you could be pushingprofits out of the door if you do nothave an effective complaints handlingsystem.varlet 1 of 4 Copyright State of Victoria 2008www.consumer.vic.gov.au1300 55 81 81Fair Trading FactsheetQuick tipImplement a company policythat contact is to be madewith the customer within48 hours of the initialcomplaint.Set up a system to handlecomplaints effectivelyTrain your staff to handlecomplaints constructivelyAn effective complaints handlingsystem needs someone in thecompany to drive it and take ultimateresponsibility. This is a person whohas the best interest of both thecustomer and the company at heart,and the interpersonal and managerialskills to visualize the system isperforming well.Make sure all staff understand thecomplaints handling policy, whyit was introduced, how it will workand the benefits for your business.The complaints officer needsto ensure that there is adequate informationavailable to the public about howto calculate any problems with yourbusiness, especiallyat the point of sale front line staff are aware of the complaints handling policyEncourage and reward your staff fordealing with disgruntled customersand handling their complaints well.Deal with the complaintsyou receive immediatelyImplement a company policy thatcontact is to be made with thecustomer within 48 hours of the initialcomplaint. This will ensure that thecustomer knows the complaint isbeing processed. Although the progenymay not be resolved, the customerwill be aware that it is beingaddressed. their authority to settlecomplaints when and to whom theyneed to refer complaints there is a pr ocess to handle themore difficult and complex cases complaints are reviewed regularlyto identify any ongoing issues reports are made to seniormanagement about complaints.Page 2 of 4 Copyright State of Victoria 2008www.consumer.vic.gov.au1300 55 81 81Fair Trading FactsheetDate of Issue November 2007Ensure the process formaking complaints is easyfor your customersSome suggestions are Have a desk within your storewhere people can take theirenquiries or complaints. Arrange a dedicated surround linefor complaints or problems. Consider using a simple sign atyour point of sale, or a paragraphon company invoices, such asYour custom is important to us.If you are not satisfied, please letus know. Include a customer feedbackoption on your website. refresh your complaintsregularlyRegular reviews of complaints willgive you a good indication of howand where your business couldimprove. Use a standard form to record thedetails of complaints (see pursuancepage for example). Review complaints mont hlyor quarterly to establish whetherthere are any trends,or obvious things you couldchange or improve. Use complaint records to checkhow well and how quickly yourstaff handle complaints.More informationInformation on fair trading isavailable fromConsumer Affairs Victoria prim Consumer &Business Centre113 Exhibition StreetMelbourne 3000Telephone 1300 55 81 81Website www.consumer.vic.gov.auRegional OfficesConsumer Affairs Victoria also hasregional offices located in Ballarat,Bendigo, Geelong, Morwell,Mildura, Wangaratta andWarrnambool together with amobile outreach service thatregularly visits rural communities.To find details on the office ormobile service nearest you, ring1300 55 81 81 or go to theConsumer Affairs Victoria websiteon www.consumer.vic.gov.auand click on the Contact Us link.Because this publication avoids the use of court-ordered language, information about the law may have been summarised or expressed in general statements. This information should not be relied upon as a backing for professional legal advice or reference to the actual legislation.Authorised by the Victorian Government 121 Exhibition Street Melbourne Victoria 3000. F1-01-02Page 4 of 4 Copyright State of Victoria 2008www.consumer.vic.gov.au1300 55 81 81Customer Complaint Form1. Customer detailsTitle (Mr, Mrs, etc) Family name (surname)Given labelStreet addressSuburbHome telephone quashBusiness telephone numberPostcodeMobile telephone numberEmail address (if applicable)2. Details of other person or supplier involved in this complaint NameStreet addressSuburbHome telephone numberBusiness telephone numberPostcodeMobile telephone numberEmail address (if applicable)3. Details of goods or services supplied to the customerDate of barter for or service//Description of the goods or service including make, model, type of service, purchase method, etc.4. Details of what the customer complaint isOffice use onlyComplaint received byDate received/Action taken or requiredDate action complet ed//SignatureIn person/In writing

On Translation of English Proverbs Essay

AbstractProverbs, which derive from life are the condensation and anatomy of the language and culture of a nation. Proverb is a form of literature,its terseness and depth is the result of sand washing from rough sea and discarding the dross and selecting the essential in the course of language culture development. The precept has the bright characteristic of a nation. Beca spend of the differences of religious beliefs, habits and customs, fables and myth and culture and art, English proverbs and Chinese proverbs carry on the antithetical national cultural characteristics and information.In translation,these cultural elements are the main difficulties and they formthe influencing factor of the translation of English proverbs.This essay uses some typical examples to state 4 factors through analyzing, comparing and concluding from the point of geographical environment, customs, religious beliefs and historical culture. In order to present an adequate translation of a proverb, we can use four translation methods flexibly literal translation, free translation, substitution translation and literal translation combined with free translation.Key words English proverb influencing factor translation method ,

Test Cricket

play is a bat-and-ball game compete between two team ups of 11 players on a field at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch. Each team takes it in turn to bat, attempting to score runs, while the other team fields. Each turn is known as an innings. The bowler delivers the ball to the slogger who attempts to hit the ball with his bat far enough for him to run to the other send away of the pitch and score a run. Each batsman continues batting until he is out. The batting team continues batting until ten batsmen are out, at which point the teams throw off roles and the fielding team comes in to bat.In professional cricket the length of a game ranges from 20 oers of six bowling deliveries per side to examen cricket played over five days. The Laws of cricket are maintained by the International Cricket Council (ICC) and the Marylebone Cricket Club(MCC) with additional Standard Playing Conditions for Test matches and One Day Internationals. 1Cricket was start-off pla yed in southern England in the 16th century. By the end of the 18th century, it had developed into the national swash of England.The expansion of the British Empire conduct to cricket being played overseas and by the mid-19th century the counterbalance international matches were being held. The ICC, the games governing body, has 10 full members. 2The game is most public in Australasia, England, the Indian subcontinent, the West Indies and Southern Africa. History Main article History of cricketEarly cricket was at some time or another expound as a golf-club striking a ball (like) the ancient games of club-ball, stool-ball, trap-ball, stob-ball. 3 Cricket can definitely be traced back to Tudor times in early 16th-century England.Written evidence exists of a game known as creag being played by Prince Edward, the son of Edward I (Longshanks), at Newenden, Kent in 13014 and there has been speculation, exactly no evidence, that this was a form of cricket. A number of other words have been suggested as sources for the term cricket. In the earliest definite annex to the sport in 1598,5 it is called creckett. Given the strong medieval trade connections between south-east England and the County of Flanders when the latter belonged to the Duchy of Burgundy, the name may have been derived from the Middle Dutch6 krick(-e), message a stick(crook) or the Old English cricc or cryce meaning a crutch or staff. 7 In Old French, the word criquetseems to have meant a kind of club or stick. 8 InSamuel Johnsons Dictionary, he derived cricket from cryce, Saxon, a stick. 9 Another possible source is the Middle Dutch word krickstoel, meaning a long diminished stool used for kneeling in church and which resembled the long low wicket with twostumps used in early cricket.According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language in force(p) of Bonn University, cricket derives from the Middle Dutch phrase for hockey, met de (krik ket)sen (i. e. , with the stick chase). 11 Dr Gillmei ster believes that not only the name but the sport itself is of Flemish origin. 12The first English touring team on board ship atLiverpool in 1859The earliest definite reference to cricket being played in England (and hence anywhere) is in evidence given at a 1598 court case which mentions that creckett was played on common land inGuildford, Surrey, around 1550.The court in Guildford heard on Monday, 17 January 1597 (Julian date, liken to the year 1598 in the Gregorian calendar) from a 59 year-old coroner,John Derrick, who gave witness that when he was a scholar at the Free School at Guildford, fifty old age earlier, hee and diverse of his fellows did runne and play on the common land at creckett and other plaies. 1314 It is believed that it was originally a childrens game but references around 161014 signify that adults had started playing it and the earliest reference to inter-parish or village cricketoccurs soon afterwards.In 1624, a player calledJasper Vinall was killed when he was struck on the head during a match between two parish teams in Sussex. 15During the 17th century, numerous references indicate the growth of cricket in the south-east of England. By the end of the century, it had become an organised activity being played for high stakes and it is believed that the first professionals appeared in the years following the Restoration in 1660. A newspaper report survives of a great cricket match with eleven players a side that was played for high stakes in Sussex in 1697 and this is the earliest known reference to a cricket match of such importance.The game underwent major development in the 18th century and became the national sport of England. Betting played a major part in that development with rich patrons forming their own select XIs. Cricket was prominent in London as early as 1707 and large crowds flocked to matches on the Artillery Ground in Finsbury. The single wicket form of the sport attracted huge crowds and wagers to match. Bowling ev olved around 1760 when bowlers began to pitch the ball instead of rolling or skimming it towards the batsman.This caused a revolution in bat design because, to jalopy with the bouncing ball, it was necessary to introduce the modern straight bat in place of the old hockey stick shape. TheHambledon Club was founded in the 1760s and, for the next 20 years until the formation of MCC and the opening of Lords Old Ground in 1787, Hambledon was both the games greatest club and its focal point. MCC quickly became the sports premier club and the custodian of the Laws of Cricket.New Laws introduced in the latter part of the 18th century included the three stump wicket and leg before wicket (lbw). Don Bradman of Australia had a Test fair of 99. 94 and an overall first-class average of 95. 14, records unmatched by any other player. 16The 19th century saw underarm bowling replaced by first roundarm and then overarm bowling. Both developments were controversial. Organisation of the game at count y level led to the creation of the county clubs, starting with Sussex CCC in 1839, which ultimately formed the official County Championship in 1890.Meanwhile, the British Empire had been instrumental in spreading the game overseas and by the middle of the 19th century it had become hearty established in India, North America, the Caribbean, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In 1844, the first international cricket match took place between theUnited States and Canada (although neither has ever been ranked as a Test-playing nation). Sachin Tendulkar of Indiawas rated by Wisden Cricketers Almanack in 2002 as the second greatest Test batsman of all time, behind Don Bradman.In 1859, a team of England players went on the first overseas tour (to North America). The first Australian team to tour overseas was a team ofAboriginal stockmen who travelled to England in 1868 to play matches against county teams. 17 In 1862, an English team made the first tour of Australia and in 187677, an England team took part in the first-ever Test match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground against Australia. W. G. dress started his long career in 1865 his career is often said to have revolutionised the sport.The rivalry between England and Australia gave birth to The Ashes in 1882 and this has remained Test crickets most famous contestcitation needed. Test cricket began to expand in 188889 when South Africa played England. The last two decades before the First World War have been called the Golden years of cricket. It is a nostalgic name prompted by the collective sense of loss resulting from the war, but the period did produce some great players and memorable matches, particularly as organised competition at county and Test level developed.The inter-war years were dominated by one player Australias Don Bradman, statistically the greatest batsman of all time. It was the determination of the England team to overcome his skill that brought about the infamous Bodyline series in 193233 , particularly from the accurate short-pitched bowling of Harold Larwood. Test cricket proceed to expand during the 20th century with the addition of the West Indies, India, and New Zealand before the Second World War and then Pakistan, Sri Lanka, andBangladesh in the post-war period.However, South Africa was banned from international cricket from 1970 to 1992 because of its governments apartheidpolicy. Cricket entered a new era in 1963 when English counties introduced the limited overs variant. As it was sure to produce a result, limited overs cricket was salaried and the number of matches increased. The first Limited Overs International was played in 1971. The governing International Cricket Council(ICC) saw its potential and staged the first limited overs Cricket World Cup in 1975. In the 21st century, a new limited overs form, Twenty20, has made an immediate impact.

Finding the Leader in You Essay

A throng was held at the Saint Agnes Medical subject matter in Fresno on October 22, 2008 with an objective of teaching the audience how to find the leader in them. I should note that this compensatet was the most informative and enlightening conference that I take over ever attended. Stephanie Robinson, the first speaker of the conference, is the director of the Nursing Department of Fresno City College.Robinson began her lecture by providing some statistical data regarding many topics including how medication errors ar taking a toll on the hospitals financial resources in terms of lawsuits, recovery fees, and other expenses that are associated with those errors. Unfortunately, these errors ware caused hospitals to lose large amounts of money, and, in order for them to regain these losses, they started to take every measure necessary to reduce those costs and add it to their profit.The measures that Robinson described included effectual scheduling of the staff, preventive me asures for medical checkup errors, as well as a good, effective, and standardized patient charting. As a leader, it is the nurses responsibility to arrive at sure that they chart every procedure done to and information about the patient. This will protect them against any liability issue that may arise, and to help them have a better charting documentation at the same time.Another way of reducing medication problems is an idea that some of the nurse leaders have amaze up with, which include e-charting and medication dispensing machines with scanners and barcode technology. This would require nurses to double check their orders and the medications before giving it to the patients. All those statistical data that were presented demonstrated that all the errors committed were preventative, and they could dramatically be reduced if proper safety measures were taken. According to the speaker, education is the most important contributing factor to prevent these extra high costs.As she was saying, we are all living in a digital world where we have access to many resources, yet our busy schedules and everyday problems would not let us research or attend any meetings. Here, the speaker used a very interesting example indicating that we use places such as airports, shopping malls, and even gas stations to brook healthcare and other health related information to people, but we refuse to take some time and provide prefatorial education to our own people at their very own work places.As responsible leaders, it is their duty to provide constant education to their staff. They are withal required to observe the activities of their staff at all times. Again as the statistics show, the high number of preventable medical situations such as post good infections, medication errors, and other complications happens in hospitals settings, and unfortunately these make hospitals look very unsafely and defeats their prime purpose, which is to heal and provide medical care.We can use technology to provide education to our nurses, as well as to help them prevent these types of errors by developing better, more standardized, simple to use medical equipments, electronic order entranceway and charting, wireless and bar-coding systems, and other numerous ways. Again, she emphasized on the importance of having nurse leaders to provide constant, up-to-date education to help nurses and prevent future medical errors.The second speaker was Pilar De La Cruz-Reyes and she pretty much continued where the last speaker left off by saying that just exchangeable any other place, nurses scope of practice will be regulated by the hospital and the board of registered nurses. The board defines registered nurses role as giving helpless and independent care such as providing safety, comfort, personal hygiene and protection to help patients go through their daily activity. By doing this, we would be able to have any normal and abnormal findings and use our logic to question anyt hing that appears to be abnormal.After attending this conference and having the chance to hear what the speakers had to say, I learned that universe a nurse leader is a very important task in terms of providing the best care to patients, as well as the best education to the staff. I also learned that being a nurse automatically makes me a leader and this realization makes me feel obligated and responsible to everything that I do as a nurse. Lastly, I learned that being a patient advocate should always be my priority.

Foundations of Nursing Practice Essay

A reflection on how the staff content and associated practice experience has contributed to the students development as a make.This essay is a reasonion on how the faculty content and practice experience has contributed to personal development as a nurse. in that respectfore it will focus on firstly the concept of individualised fright and its relevance to nurse sound judgement and like delivery, secondly the ethical and sea captain issues that continue nursing such as confidentiality, take on and dignity. The essay will also focus on exploring the various chat models and the development of the therapeutic kindred among the nurse and the function exploiter, and finally the organisation and delivery of headache within the practice environment. With particular reference to a recent placement, at a palliative assistance nursing home, this essay will discuss Harriet, an 88 year old lady with chronic bronchitis and suffers with multiple sclerosis. For confidentiality p urposes the names of help exploiters buzz off been changed to comply with the care for and Midwifery Council, Code of Conduct (NMC 2008).This assignment will firstly discuss the individualised approach to nursing, which developed in the USA during the 1950s and 1960s, which coincided with the development of the nursing surmise and models of nursing which began to challenge the medical model of health care (Lloyd, Hancock, Campbell 2007). The nursing process can be carried out successfully by implementing a popular model utilize extensively in the UK originally by Roper et al Activities of Living model in which it is ground loosely upon the 12 activities of daily living however Henderson ac fellowships 14 activities that people engage in (Kozier, Erb 2008). This model identifies any deficit in their care unremarkably upon admission it is reviewed as the care plans of the service user evolve after which an intervention may be given to the service user. The nursing home that w as attended for placement had person centred care plans in which they based them on the 12 activities of daily living from sleeping, eating and drinking to mobility and communication these were short term care plans that were reviewed monthly.Another model that is frequently used descri strike out by Ellson (2008, pg22) is the breast feeding Process, when it was initially identified Yura and Walsh (1978)showed that it is a four stage cycle that begins with assessment. Harriet was assessed by the twist around as the registered nurse in charge (RGN) noticed a change in her health she had developed a wheeze when public lecture and had a chesty cough, the RGN suspected a chest infection. A care plan was then devised to follow up the assessment. Harriet was to be started on a course of antibiotics for a week, and was to be resumed on her nebuliser. The care was then implemented the quest day during the morning drugs round. An evaluation of that care completes the cycle in which Harri et was to be seen by the Doctor the following week after completing her course of antibiotics and was to remain on her nebuliser.Additionally, much than one stage can be occurring at the same time, for instance assessment may coincide with implementation (Carpenito-Mo to that degree 2007). If goals are achieved after the first cycle, care maybe terminated or in some racing shells modified and the service user reassessed. (Ellson 2008, pg22) This process is designed to enhance systematic care, drive communication amongst team members and encourage continuity (Mason 1999 cited in Habermann, Uys 2006).The RGN wrote in Harriets daily report and updated her care plans, identifying her change in medication and change in her health.Throughout nursing there are many a(prenominal) ethical and professional issues that impact on it from confidentiality, respond to respect and dignity, to clear and accurate records and working as part of a team. The Nursing and Midwifery Council Code of Con duct (NMC 2008) clearly states that nurses should ensure they gain consent (NMC 2008) from the service user this can be anything from examining, providing care and giving treatment. Consequently a nurse has to be prepared if a service user declines their admirer as they dupe a right to refuse treatment based on knowledge of the outcomes and risks (Wilkins and Williams 2008). Informed consent is a communication process amidst the provider and the service user this is now recognised as a professional standard of conduct (Westrick and Dempski 2009).However if there is a case where the service user does not have the mental capacity to give consent, they are protected by the Mental Capacity Act 2005 in which during the decision make process their rights and interests are accounted for (Griffith and Tengnah 2010). My first task at placement was to try and feed Harriet, I introduced myself alongside a health care assistant and asked if I was able to feed her lunch, I was refused, on th e grounds that I was a fresh face and that she did not know me so I let the health care assistant feed her. The following day after assisting the RGN with Harriets medication, she kindly said to me that she would let me feed her today if I was able to so at lunch time I went along with another health care assistant to feed her.Another important ethical issue is maintaining a persons dignity as Watson (1994) citing (Watson 2008) states that maintaining human dignity is a vital nursing duty and function, that necessitate to be recognised and respected in which people make to their aver care and well being (NMC Code 2008). This can be associated with many aspects of care such as bed bathing, stoma care, peg tube care as Westrick and Dempski (2009) go on to say that it is down to the service user to say what is to be done with his or her body. Fenton and Mitchell (2002) cited in Franklin, Ternestedt and Nordenfelt (2006) argue that elderly people receiving care regarding dignity is a state of physical, emotional comfort, subsequently when this is not endlessly adhered to it can leave the service user feeling embarrassment, shame, humiliation, foolishness and degradation (Mairis 1994 cited in Watson 2008).However nurses themselves can become emotional if the standard of care given is not sufficient this is supported by the olympian College of Nursing survey (2008) asking nurses for their views on dignity in care in which over 80% said they sometimes or always left work distressed due to not being able to deliver the quality of care they thought they should give (Gallagher, Tschudin 2010). When asked to give a bed bath to Harriet, I made sure that only when the area being cleaned was exposed thus covering up other private areas in case anybody was to enter her room. When Harriet was seen by the Doctor regarding her chest infection I treated the information sensitively and maintained confidentiality with all her health records.The presence of the therapeutic fa mily lies at the heart of patient centred nursing. However the nature of this one to one relationship is very dependent on the context in which nursing care is delivered (McCormack 2004 citing OConnell 2008). Therefore the building blocks for this relationship should focus on genuineness, empathy and respect, which should leave the service user feeling supported as well as listened to, whilst the nurse feels value in their role (Dossey, Keegan, American Holistic Nurses Association 2008) Whereas Bynum-Grant and TravisDinkins (2010) go on to say that whilst the therapeutic relationship is at the core of nursing it is the knowledge and skill along with the caring attitudes and behaviours applied that build the foundations of this relationship. I spent a lot of time with Harriet getting to know her, and building a relationship of trust with her, in order for me to attend her personal care postulate, give her medication orally under direct supervision.This assignment will now discuss th e effective communication skills throughout nursing that helps practitioners to engage with the service user, by making sure arrangements are met for peoples language and communication unavoidably (NMC Code 2008) Studies have shown that the relevant communication means given to an individual can improve well-being (Bell 1996, Happ 2001 cited in Batty 2009). Means of communication that have proved successful are non verbal techniques such as writing, drawing or by gesture, therefore communication aids have been made addressable such as providing a pen and paper, or alphabet charts (Batty 2009).Effective communication is seen as a fundamental competence required for registration as a nurse (Nursing and Midwifery Council 2004 cited in Timmins 2009) Timmins and Astin (2009) also goes onto explain that continuity of care supports high quality communication as it builds up the relationship between nurse and service user and is a main feature of patient centred care. Crouch and Meurier ( 2005) cited in Cox and Hill (2010) defines communication as a deuce way process in which information is transmitted and received.However listening to service users and their families is central to the communication process (Timmins and Astin 2009) Harriet could communicate easily, her hearing was slightly impaired therefore you had to speak loudly and clearly she was on eye drops as her sight was deteriorating and she was very well spoken and if I was to say something incorrectly she would be very quick to correct me. Harriet however was slightly confused and sometimes repeated things she had said a few moments ago, she also had imaginary friends she would refer to whilst talking to me.This essay will now explore the delivery of care in nursing which is very important as this can impact the service users experience. There are three ways in which care can be delivered this is by primary care, task allocation and team nursing. Primary nursing began in the 1970s as a way to overcome d issatisfaction with functional and team nursings emphasis on tasks that directed nurses attention away from holistic care of the client (Huber 2006).Walsh and Crumbie (2007) explain that primary care nursing involves one nurse being liable 24 hours a day for all care delivered to a patient. However Thomas (2006) identifies this is not always necessary as care can be delegated to other nurses or health care assistants yet the primary nurse carries responsibility for writing care plans and ensuring that long term goals are met. Skelton (2001) cited in Timmins and Astin (2009) suggest that this approach fosters autonomy and gets them involved with their care preferably than health professionals dictating their care to them. Within the nursing home the primary nursing approach to care was not suitable as there were too many service users for one nurse to focus all their attention to at one time.Many health care settings would deny using task oriented care however in reality it still g oes on and tends to induce apathy and reduce team morale. Task allocation on the other travel by may be the most suitable way of allocating the workload (Thomas 2006) especially during staff shortages or certain health care settings. Despite the nursing home having person centred care plans and making individualising the care needs, the nursing home still took on the task allocated approach as all the residents had breakfast by 8am and were rinse and dressed by 9am. However as Harriet was unable to feed and dress herself due to having multiple sclerosis she was often left until last to have these needs addressed as two health care assistants were required.Team nursing was developed in the early 1950s it was designed so that staff strengths can be used to the maximum and aids group productivity and growth of team members. By using this system nurses should still be able to provide individualised nursing care (Lloyd, Hancock and Campbell 2007) therefore nurses take on certain roles such as temperature, medication or a nurse for the right side of the ward (Kalisch and Kalisch 1978 Reverby 1987 cited in Huber 2006).Communication is therefore key for this model to be effective as the team leader unendingly evaluates and communicates changes of the patient to the team members (Zerwekh, Claborn 2006). It also allows the nurse to delegate patients to the strengths of the staff with what their care focuses on (Tiedeman and Lookinland 2004 cited in Zerwekh, Claborn 2006). Unfortunately the care given can become disordered and thus ineffective and productivity decreased among team members if there are staff shortages. Harriets care followed this approach, as she was bed bound the arjo hoist was the only way of transferring her from bed to chair this required two people, as did log rolling Harriet for her bed bath so she was cleaned effectively and appropriately.I feel the module content has contributed to my development as a nurse as it taught all the relevant inform ation needed for my first placement. I was able to see how the guess coincided with the practice which also contributed to my development as a nurse. For example I was able to see how the individualised care approach was introduced into the person centred care plans used within the nursing home. I was also able to see how the therapeutic relationship was built amongst the nurses in charge, the health care assistants and other members of the multidisciplinary team, they each had their own style of approaching the service user in regards to their attitudes, body language and behaviour, this I was able to pick up and use myself which made me handle situations better.The module content went into great depth and was given in a variety of learning styles which suited my learning pattern having come straight from school I feel the type of learning given has strengthened my ability to learn and the relevant theory made me feel more confident when attending placement. Having learnt the theo ry I was able to put some of this knowledgeable experience into practice, as having had no previous experience within health and social care I felt uneasy at first but as more faith and confidence was put into me via my mentor and other staff members, this helped me feel more involved and more comfortable with working within this environment giving me the confidence boost I needed. Throughout the placement I was guided throughout every task that I had to carry out, I was taught it first by mentor and then throughout the weeks I had to improve on what I had learnt, the registered nurses I shadowed were very supportive and approachable which helped me greatly.In conclusion this essay has discussed the concept of individualised care by incorporating the nursing process and models that evaluate the service users health and identifies the care needed and any deficits in their care. Nurses uphold a reputation in which the ethical and professional issues are the foundations of this. As exp lored throughout this essay it shows that confidentiality, consent and dignity are fundamental throughout nursing and need to be incorporated into the care provided by the nurses.Various models of communication have been identified throughout this essay its relevance shows how the nurse must interact with service user, this is very important as the service user needs to be able to express their concerns of their health either verbally or non verbally. The therapeutic relationship is at the epicentre of nursing as this can impact a service users experience within a health and social care setting. The essay has also explored the organisation and delivery of care needed to be most effective throughout nursing. Overall the essay has focused on various fundamental aspects of nursing that contribute to the way care is delivered to service users. adduce List* Batty S. (2009) Communication, Swallowing and Feeding in the Intensive negociate Unit Patient. Nursing in Critical administer. 14( 2,July/August). pp.175-177.* Bynum Grant D and Travis Dinkins M,M. (2010) Schaums Outline of psychiatric Nursing. Online. Available at http//books.google.co.uk/books?id=ru57ujcVO6sC&printsec=frontcover&dq=schaums+outline+of+psychiatric+nursing&hl=en&ei=XcZmTeb7HZSyhAfUkJy4DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CEUQ6wEwAAv=onepage&q=therapeutic%20relationship%20is%20at%20the%20core%20of%20nursing%20&f=false. (Accessed25 January 2011).* Carpenito-Moyet L. (2007) Understanding the Nursing Process Concept Mapping and Care Planning for Students. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams& Wilkins.* Cox C. and Hill M. (2010). Professional Issues in Primary Care Nursing. Oxford Blackwell Publishing.* Dossey B,M., Keegan L. and American Holistic Nurses Association. (2008). Holistic Nursing A Handbook for Practice. 5th edn. London Jones and Bartlett Publishers Limited.* Ellson R (2008) Assessment of Patients, in Richardson R. (ed.) Clinical Skills for Student Nurses. Devon Reflect Pre ss. pp. 22-25. * Franklin LL., Ternestedt B,M. and Nordenfelt L. (2006). Views on Dignity of Elderly Nursing Home Residents. Nursing Ethics An International Journal for Health Care Professionals. 13(2). pp131-134.* Gallagher A, Tschudin V (2010) Educating for Ethical Leadership Nurse direction Today, International Journal for Health Care Education. 30(3,April). pp.224-226.* Griffith R. and Tengnah C. (2010) Law and Professional Issues in Nursing. 2nd edn. Exeter Learning Matters Limited.* Habermann M. and Uys L,R. (2006) The Nursing Process A Global Concept. Edinburgh Churchill Livingstone* Huber D. (2006). Leadership and Nursing Care Management. 3rd ed. PhiladelphiaSaunders Elsevier.* Kozier B., Erb G., Berman A., Snyder S., Lake R. and Harvey S. (2008). Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process and Practice. Harlow, Essex Pearson Education Limited.* Lloyd H., Hancock H. and Campbell S. (2007). Principles of Care. Oxford Blackwell Publishing.* Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) The Code of Conduct. * OConnell E. (2008) Therapeutic Relationships in Critical Care Nursing A reflection on Practice. Nursing in Critical Care. 13(3). pp,138-143.* Thomas J. (2006). Survival Guide for Ward Managers, Sisters and Charge Nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 91-93. Online. Available at http//books.google.co.uk/books?id=pG-AzNFign4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0v=onepage&q=primary%20nurse%20carries%20responsibility%20for%20writing%20care%20plans%20&f=false. (Accessed 1 February 2011).* Timmins F. and Astin F. (2009) Patient Centred Care Reality or Rhetoric Nursing in Critical Care. 14(5,September/October). pp.219-221.* Walsh M. (ed). and Crumbie A. (ed). (2007). Watsons Clinical Nursing and Related Science. 7th edn. London Elsevier Health Sciences.* Watson J. (2008) Nursing The Philosophy and Science of Caring. Revised edn. Colorado University Press of Colorado.* Westrick S, J. and Dempski K. (2009). Essentials of Nursing Law and Ethics. London Jone s and Bartlett Publishers International.* Williams L. and Wilkins. (2008). Nursing Know How Charting Patient Care. pp.67-90. Online Available at http//books.google.co.uk/books?id=4e1hGOu7AusC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Nursing+Know+How%3B+Charting+Patient+Care.&hl=en&ei=DcVmTbP6EYKKhQed5amuDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CEQQ6wEwAAv=snippet&q=right%20to%20refuse%20treatment%20based%20on%20knowledge%20of%20the%20outcomes%20and%20the%20risks%20&f=false. (Accessed 25 January 2011).* Zerwekh J,G. and Claborn J,C. (2006) Nursing Today Transition and Trends. 5th ed. pp.342-346. Online Available at http//books.google.co.uk/books?id=Il41NcOI3c0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=nursing+today+transition+and+trends&hl=en&ei=rMRmTfLPCdCwhAeAnrSTDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6wEwAAv=onepage&q=team%20leader%20continuously%20evaluates%20and%20communicates%20changes%20of%20the%20patient%20&f=false. (Accessed 1 February 2011).Bibliography* Funnel R, Koutoukidis G, Lawerence K. (2008). Tabbners Nursing Care Theory and Practice. Online. Available at http//books.google.co.uk/books?id=iyGLjn0Md0sC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0v=onepage&q&f=false (Accessed 17 December 2010).* Davis C. (2009). Team Health and Safety. Nursing Standard. 24(2,September). pp.24-25.* Donnelly M. (2002). assent Bridging the Gap between the Doctor and Patient. Ireland Cork University Press.* Mayberry M and Mayberry J. (2003). Consent in Clinical Practice. Oxon Radcliffe Medical Press Limited.* Pembrey S,M. (1980). The Ward Sister Key to Nursing. London Royal College of Nursing.* Pilcher T. (ed). Collaboration and Teamwork in Critical Care. (2009). Nursing in Critical Care. 14(2). pp.45-46.* Radwin L,E and Alster K. (2002). Individualised Nursing Care An Empirically Generated Definition. International Council for Nurses International Review 49. pp.54-63.

Econet Wireless International and the African Telecommunications Industry Essay

Activities to be completed in this presentationCarry out a SWOT compendium for Econet Wireless International, identifying the key issues that Econet needs to address from the results of your outline. secure an industry analysis of the Afri foot Telecommunications market using Porters Five Force Model. Using a competitor analysis framework of your choice, study the Big Five mobile operators in the Afri flush toilet market Econet Wireless International is facing or faced challenges in a number of markets it entered. station these challenges and the sources of these challenges. What marketplaceing strategy options should Econet use at it tries to grow its operations (Justify your options) and what should it do to successfully implement these strategies?IntroductionThe selection of a growth strategy is at last determined by the companys strategic goals, core competencies and strategic assets as well as by its tar take a shit customers, collaborators and the overall economic, techn ological, socio cultural, regulatory and somatogenic context. An integrative approach of analysing these factors is essential for the development of a successful growth strategy.OverviewEconet Wireless International (hereafter to be referred to as EWI) is a Zimbabwean owned global telecommunications group. The result of Dr. Strive Masiyiwas vision, Econet began in mobile telephone service in July 1998, after forms of legal battles. Thus it began leading the change in the telecommunications terrain. Zimbabwe has issued only 3 mobiletelecommunication licenses to EWI, Orascom-owned Telecel and the government-owned NetOne.SWOT abbreviation for Econet Wireless InternationalAs a result of the internal and external analysis, our SWOT analysis is as followsStrengthsGrowth finished international expansion. As EWI expands onto 3 continents in 10 countries, they are competent to develop global footprint, thus increasing their peachy hindquarters and securing their company. Innovative product range. They continuously developed product range, they developed into becoming a full-service communications company offering mobile telephony, traditional landline telephony, Internet services, data streaming services, transactions systems and contract services for other operators. For guinea pig, in Zimbabwe alone, they have a number of viable product offerings, namely Buddie, Ecocash, EcoFarmer, EcocashSave, Econet Solar, Econet wideband and BusinessPartna Contract Lines.Their business model enabled them to offer calibre products at competitive prices. They collaborated in the form of consortium partnerships and also joint adventures. For example, it was able to penetrate markets such as Nigeria, Kenya, Botswana, New Zealand, Lesotho, Malawi and Burundian. Their joint venture was with Altech in South Africa. The benefit of this partnership firm was listed in the Johannesburg computer memory Exchange thus exposing them to a natural source of capital. Their mutually formed company, Newco, would have eventually taken over almost all of Econets companys, allowing EWI to backward intergrate with a supplier which in hurt of future growth, would enable them to develop an even wider product offering. This alliance would have been mutually beneficial, with Econet getting access to technology products, finance and administrative structures while Altech would get the opportunity to diversify riding on EWIs mobile nedeucerk.Multi-branding. EWI used its name in countries where it had a controlling stake such as in Nigeria, Lesotho, New Zealand, Malawi and Burundi. In countries where it was the minority shareholder, it operated under different names, namely Mascom ( Botswana), Gulfsat Maghreb SA ( Morocco). Their care structure was such that in each country, the operation was headed by a national, who knew the business climate in that country provided the financial aspect was headed by an expatriate from headoffice thus maintaining effective control and providing support. This back up business relations in those nations as the national heading the operation was able to negotiate deals from a knowledgeable point.WeaknessesLimited capital for operations, thus curtailing their growth, peculiarly in New Zealand and Nigeria as the case study says, the consortium partners resisted a higher stake in Econet, believing they did non have the financial sum and/ or resources to invest. In addition, Econet did not have enough money to finance the upgrading of its network and it came under government threat of having its licence revoked, thus they had to borrow $75 million Export-Import Bank. Also, in Kenya, their license was cancelled due to failure by the consortium to fully honour the license fee obligations in spite of appearance the given condemnation frame. They failed to provide a service recovery alternative for the suspended Buddie cards in 2002 in Nigeria. The implication here was that they created low switching costs for their reviewer base, boosting the sales of their competitor.Econet gave their competitors an edge over them in Nigeria, as evidenced by the out flow of their decisions to suspend Buddie cards and also, during their subsequent reintroduction. Both times, MTN gained from these moves. In reintroducing the cards, they were not able to support the resulting call volumes. They had not had the foresight to prepare for this possibility as a result of their reintroduction. electronic network quality problems resulting from failure to support capacity when the Buddie lines were reintroduced. It was a situation of demand outstripping supply.They had also not expected this outcome as a result of reintroducing the previously popular lines. Its hefty dependance on their Zimbabwean operations means they weakened their efforts at expansion due to the unfavourable economic climate. They had raised capital via the Zimbabwe Stock Market but could not use it externally due to stringent government controls on the basis of hard currency remittance limitations. Their failure to capitalise on the license in New Zealand meant a loss on their part.OpportunitiesTheir listing on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange gave them the opportunity to raise more capital. Acquisition of licenses in various countries through consortium partnerships meant they gained a foothold in countries such asNigeria, Kenya, Botswana, Morocco, New Zealand, Lesotho, Malawi and Burundi though from a minority position in the consortium. They were able to welcome licenses in various countries.Threatsfuddled government controls. Restrictions to remit its foreign currencies to finance its operations in other countries, e.g. in New Zealand bad competition, e.g. in New Zealand where the market was duopoly delaying their entry into that market. starting time switching costs. In most of their markets, subscribers are multi-networked. As subscribers used a number of networks to maximise on particular network availability and prom otions, EWI could not in depend totally on that these subscribers would be faithful.Key IssuesLimited capital for operations. They could list on the Stock Exchange to attract investors. They could offer rights issues to animated shareholders, thereby attracting new capital. Network challenges. They need to upgrade their systems. They need to ensure they have enough technological infrastructure, e.g. base stations, to be able to cater for network loads. Collaboration with suppliers. Government regulations and restrictions. They need to form relationships with the host governments. Decision making. Improve their decision approach at corporate level, e.g. their decision to limit the number of days subscribers had access to the network. From the above analysis, the following threats are of high importance and Econet would do well to take noticeStringent government controlsIntense competitionLow switching costsMergers and acquisitions present an attractive and profitable opportunity th us Econet should explore this avenue further.Industry analysis of the Big Five using Porters Five Forces model. Threat of new entrants High becauseThere are strong barriers to entry in damage of obtaining an operational license due to government restrictions, e.g. Zimbabwe, as shown in the case when Masiyiwa argued the case that the Telecel consortium should bedisqualified as they did not meet cranky specifications. Restrictive license fees in terms of costs of getting the license such as in Kenya when EWI had their license cancelled after only two months due to failure to meet their obligation in terms of the license fee. A lot of capital is needed to start the business. It is estimated that $14 billion on average is needed as investment in the mobile phone business.Bargaining power of buyers High becauseLow switching costs such as in Nigeria when Econet opted to suspend the sale of its prepaid Buddie cards for 6 months due to quality problems, resulting in them losing subscriber s. The buyers power is strong in Burundi because they have a commonwealth of 7 million people with only 4 mobile subscribers.Bargaining power of suppliers High becauseThe government controlled operator supplier, Nitel, had strong bargaining power, as evidenced by their holding back to supply Econet with transmission links for more than a year and Econet had no option but to wait. There were few suppliers.Industry rivals High becauseCustomer base grew rapidly between year 2000 and 2005Intense competition among role players in the mobile industry.Substitutes Low becauseLandlines brainstorm rates were low, for example, in Chad, the rate was on average one landline per 70 people while the mobile phone users expanded between year 2000 and 2005 from 15.6 million to 135 million. The overall rating is high because rivalry is high, threat of new entrants is high, bargaining power of suppliers is high and bargaining power of buyers is high.Competitor AnalysisCompetitorKey StrengthsKey W eaknessesPerceived StrategiesKey SegmentsMillicomFirst-mover positionMarket leader statusCost leadinghipMulti-brandedWide market coverage within South AmericaLess aggressive business approachEasy to attackLow revenues in the big fiveMass-marketingMulti-brandingCost leadershipLow population marketsInternational marketsMTCInnovatorHigh capital baseStrong market coverageMarket strength through acquisitionAn aggressive playerHigh rate of economic growthNarrow product rangeMulti-brandingFull market segmentationHigh population areasMTNMarket coverageMarket leaderStrong capital baseEconomies of scaleResource utilisationWide product rangeNo multi-brandingBlue oceanLeveraging existing businessGrowing new markets through acquisitionsResearch and developmentHigh population areasNiche, e.g. Middle EasternOrascomStrong capital base through aggregateMulti brandingCost leadershipWide product rangeMarket leaderMulti-brandingRemoved operations in AfricaMarket developmentHigh populationVodacomStron g revenue baseMarket leaderAdequate resources for expansionInvestment opportunitiesLeast internationalisedMarket growth limitationsTaking unnecessary risksJoint venture franchisingForward integrationDomesticInternationalTable 2CompanyCapital/ Revenue (in billions $)Market Coverage (number of countries)Mobile Subscriber Number (in millions)Millicom1.41613MTC32023MTN32132Orascom2.1941Vodacom3527From the analysis above, the market leaders are MTC, MTN and Orascom in terms of revenue. Millicom and Vodacom take the role of market challengers. In looking at mobile subscriber, Orascom and MTN are the market leaders followed by Vodacom, MTC and Millicom respectively. In terms of market coverage, MTN leads followed by MTC. Millicom is the market challenger. Orascom and Vodacom are nichers as they focus on specific markets.ChallengesLegislationGovernment controls in the form of price controls, debar establishment of private mobile networks Trading policiesLicense to operateGovernment regulat ions licensing boardIntense competitionDuopoly in New ZealandInfrastructure problemNetwork support escape of foreign currencyGovernment foreign currency regulations in ZimbabweChanges in exchange rateEconomical meltdown in ZimbabweLack of capitalDelay in listing on stock exchangePoor quality Buddie cards in NigeriaProduct development and testing was piteousMarketing Strategy OptionsAnsoff MatrixMarket penetration The organisation tries to grow its market share through sales of existing products to the present market, for example Econet Zimbabwe trying to grow its market share from 70% to 80%. They could achieve this through promotions such as offering discounted tariffs. This can be done through ensuring that they have got enough capital to support the reduction of cost on pricing. The company needs to develop budgets to steer ample resources towards promotion and advertising.Product exploitation Coming up with new or modified products, for example Ecocash has been modified to include an account, that is, EcocashSave. They need to invest in a Research and Development department, tasked to come up with more innovative products. They also to need to emphasize on Total Quality Management to avoid product recalls, for example, in Nigeria where the cards had quality problems.Market development The company seeks for and finds new markets in which to expand, for example they go into a totally new market such as penetrating Canada. They can do this through acquisition of licensing in that country.Before acquiring the license, they would need carry out market research to ensure that that market is attractive and can be profitable for them. They should also ensure that they have enough capital to successfully implement this marketing strategy. In addition, they need to have the right management and organisational structures.Blue oceanThe process of identifying an untapped market in an effort to run away from competition. For example, Econet came up with Econet Sol ar where they tapped into the solar provision market in an effort to ensure that their customers phones battery life did not affect their network accessibility. In these topsy-survy times where clients have become complicated, the only way to survive in business is through eliminating competition through investing in new technology and/ or Research and Development. As a result, they can realise oftentimes in terms of profit. We advise Econet to take the Ansoff matrix strategies because it covers the wide scope of marketing strates or options of growth.